【摘要】 目的 通过对1例因“脑梗死”入院,检查发现为心脏黏液瘤并颅内多发夹层动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的报道,探讨心脏黏液瘤及其合并症的发病机制和处理措施。方法 患者入院后行心脏黏液瘤切除,动脉瘤和动静脉瘘未做处理,出院后随诊50个月,无明显不适。查阅国内外文献发现,不少文献是关于心房黏液瘤并发假性动脉瘤的,尚未查及关于合并动静脉瘘的报道。结果 心脏黏液瘤是心脏原发肿瘤中最常见的类型,其合并多发动脉瘤和动静脉瘘的发病机制,主要包括栓子种植学说及其引起的局部炎症。治疗主要为手术切除原发灶,假性动脉瘤和动静脉
心脏黏液瘤合并颅内多发夹层动脉瘤 动静脉瘘1例报道
都晓帆1) 张爱元 2) 张爱娟2)△
1)潍坊医学院,山东 潍坊 261000 2)潍坊市人民医院,山东 潍坊 261000
作者简介:都晓帆,Email:793380794@qq.com
△通信作者:张爱娟,Email:aijuanzhang@aliyun.com
【摘要】 目的 通过对1例因“脑梗死”入院,检查发现为心脏黏液瘤并颅内多发夹层动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的报道,探讨心脏黏液瘤及其合并症的发病机制和处理措施。方法 患者入院后行心脏黏液瘤切除,动脉瘤和动静脉瘘未做处理,出院后随诊50个月,无明显不适。查阅国内外文献发现,不少文献是关于心房黏液瘤并发假性动脉瘤的,尚未查及关于合并动静脉瘘的报道。结果 心脏黏液瘤是心脏原发肿瘤中最常见的类型,其合并多发动脉瘤和动静脉瘘的发病机制,主要包括栓子种植学说及其引起的局部炎症。治疗主要为手术切除原发灶,假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘随访观察,尚无合并放化疗的推荐意见。结论 心脏黏液瘤因为易脱落,造成转移、种植而危害极大,虽其发病率较低,但仍需高度关注。
【关键词】 心脏黏液瘤;心房黏液瘤;夹层动脉瘤;动静脉瘘;脑梗死
【中图分类号】 R739.41 【文献标识码】 D 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)13-1505-04 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.13.351
One case of cardiac myxoma with intracranial multiple dissecting aneurysms and arteriovenous fistula
DU Xiaofan1),ZHANG Aiyuan2),ZHANG Aijuan2)
1)Weifang Medical University,Weifang 261000,China;2)Weifang People's Hospital,Weifang 261000,China
【Abstract】 Objective By report one case of cardiac myxoma with intracranial multiple dissecting aneurysms and arteriovenous fistula to investigate the nosogenesis and treatment of atrial myxoma complications.Methods The patients received cardiac myxoma resection.aneurysm and arteriovenous fistula were not treated.He were followed up for 50 months after discharge without obvious discomfort.Review of the domestic and foreign literatures found that there are many papers on cardiac myxoma complicated with pseudoaneurysm.However,there are few reports of atrial myxoma associated with arteriovenous fistula.Results Cardiac myxoma is the most common type of primary cardiac tumor.The nosogenesis of multiple aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas mainly includes embolus implantation theory and local inflammation reaction.The main treatment is surgical resection of primary lesion.Up to now,no recommendation for radiotherapy and chemotherapy.All patients should be followed up for ten years.Conclusion Cardiac myxoma is very harmful because it is easy to fall off,causing metastasis and implantation.Although the incidence of cardiac myxoma is low,it still deserves to be paid high attention.
【Key words】 Cardiac myxoma;Atrial myxoma;Dissecting aneurysms;Arteriovenous fistulas;Cerebral infarction
心脏黏液瘤是最常见的原发性心脏肿瘤,约占50%[1-5]。发病年龄多在30~50岁,女性发病率比男性略高[6-10]。大多数为单发病变,极少数在同一心腔或不同心腔呈现2个或多个肿瘤[11-15]。心脏黏液瘤约7%是家族性的,常见的症状主要表现在心脏、肺脏以及全身情况,如心悸、气急、呼吸困难、发热、体质量减轻等,此外还有肺和体循环的栓塞症状[16-18]。查阅文献可知不少是关于心脏黏液瘤合并假性动脉瘤的,尚未见关于合并动静脉瘘的报道[19-21]。现报道心脏黏液瘤合并多发夹层动脉瘤及动静脉瘘1例。
1 病例资料
患者 男,49岁,因突发言语不能、右手握力差2 d于2013-08-14收入潍坊市人民医院神经内二科。患者入院前2 d于17:00活动中出现言语不能,只能发音,不能表达词、句,伴随饮水呛咳,右侧上肢无力,右手笨拙,不能持水杯等。症状呈持续性,急至当地县医院就诊,行颅脑CT示,前交通处类圆形高密度。颅脑MRI示,新发梗死(左侧外侧裂、顶、额)。颅脑MRA示,大动脉硬化改变,左MCA远端分支显著不良。经过对症处理(具体不详),效果欠佳,遂转入我院。既往史:自诉血糖偏高2 a,未服用药物,偶饮酒。体格检查:T 36.5 ℃,P 78次/min,R 18次/min,BP 128/75 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),神经系统体格检查:只能发音,右侧中枢性面瘫,右侧上肢肌力4级。入院第2天行全脑血管造影术,可见右侧大脑前动脉A3段夹层动脉瘤(6.5 mm×14.1 mm),上矢状窦处见一粗大静脉畸形,右侧大脑后动脉P1段夹层动脉瘤,右侧MCA M4段局限性动脉扩张,右大脑后P1段动脉硬化并狭窄,左大脑后未见显影。提示脑血管动静脉瘘,多处动脉瘤。入院第5天心脏彩超示,左房黏液瘤,左房大。入院后给予抗血小板、降脂、丁苯肽等治疗后,患者言语不能、右上肢肌力较前明显好转,可进行简单交流。因此在入院后第7天转入我院心外科治疗。转科后第6天行左房黏液瘤切除术。术中发现瘤蒂位于房间隔近下腔静脉处,带蒂切除部分房间隔,完整取出肿瘤,肿瘤大小为8 cm×4 cm。病理示:心房黏液瘤。术后第3天患者出现房扑,给予可达龙、美托洛尔等控制,心率下降,房扑消失。后患者未出现任何不适,于术后第8天出院。出院后继续服用地高辛0.25 mg,qd;阿司匹林0.1 g,qd;美托洛尔12.5 mg,bid;胺碘酮0.1 g,tid。随诊无明显不适,无动脉瘤破裂等,偶有头痛,未作特殊处理。
2 讨论
原发心脏肿瘤很少见,75%是良性,50%是黏液瘤,其发生率为0.001 7%,多发心脏内占位更少见,可以是黏液瘤、血栓、转移瘤,多发心脏黏液瘤更少见[22],也有菌栓误诊为黏液瘤的报道[23]。典型心房黏液瘤为孤立的单个,表面光滑、球形、大小各异,直径1~8 cm,平均5 cm,多有蒂,80%~90%在左房,其余在右房,附着在房间隔卵圆窝附近。多数生长缓慢,也有恶性程度高,部分在1 a内快速生长[24]。心脏超声、食道超声更利于准确诊断,增强MRI对心脏肿瘤更敏感。对有呼吸困难的模糊症状,CT是最早的常用检查,不仅看心脏占位,还可以看肺循环,肺实质。超快CT能减少运动伪影,看见心腔。若瘤体堵塞二尖瓣口,会出现呼吸困难、晕厥、抽搐,甚或猝死。预防措施为减慢心率,避免心动过速[25-26]。体格检查可在心尖区听到移动性杂音。全身症状可呈现反复发热、食欲不振、体质量减轻、关节痛、贫血等。ESR增快,血清球蛋白增高,可能是机体对肿瘤的免疫反应。其他症状表现为肺循环和体循环的栓塞。黏液瘤少见心电图的改变,也有因多样化心电图改变而发现黏液瘤的报道[27]。有报道关于心房黏液瘤合并多发动脉瘤,但尚未查及合并多处动脉瘤和动静脉瘘的报道。
黏液瘤组织松散,有种植力,容易脱落,除造成栓塞外,还可以造成肿瘤转移和动脉瘤,故发现后应尽早切除。黏液瘤不易出现房颤,切除后较少出现房颤,老龄和P波离散大者容易出现房颤[28]。56%的动脉瘤继发于黏液瘤切除以前,44%的确定于手术切除以后。黏液瘤性动脉瘤典型为梭状或囊状,更多的是多发,有炎症学说和栓子种植学说。瘤细胞产生白介素-6、8和趋化因子CXC,瘤栓所在部位有强烈的炎症反应,有时甚至掩盖活检的黏液瘤组织;瘤细胞与动脉内膜紧密粘连,或瘤细胞侵入血管壁中层或外膜而形成局部的黏液瘤病灶,形成瘤样扩张[29-31]。该转移和浸润(metastasize and infiltrate)学说被进一步的组织学证实。1例心脏黏液瘤切除后19个月发现颅内假性动脉瘤,在黏液瘤背景上有梭状细胞浸润血管壁,穿透至内膜下隙。该例病人不仅合并多发动脉瘤,还合并动静脉瘘,推测还是与炎症及浸润损害相关,但目前尚无研究报道。本例仅做了黏液瘤切除术,对假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘未做进一步处理,随访50个月,病人病情稳定。
黏液瘤因为易脱落,造成转移、种植而臭名昭著,其无分裂象,是否手术切除合并放疗和化疗没有推荐意见。左房黏液瘤的神经系统和体循环的栓塞可以发生在50%病人中,脑损害常在心脏肿瘤诊断以前发生,也可以发生于肿瘤切除后2个月,甚至8 a。如1例46岁女性,心脏黏液瘤手术后2 a,癫痫3个月发现颅内多发转移,右侧中央沟、右侧额下回、左侧中央前回,血管源性水肿,DSA未见动脉瘤,心脏无复发。行右额叶活检,示转移黏液瘤,行右侧运动皮层切除[32]。3个月复查MRI,血管源性水肿减轻,未做化疗和放疗。 一个单中心回顾分析表明,散发黏液瘤的复发率为4.47%,散发病例复发于8~10 a,家族性的复发率高,时间短。BERNET等[33]报道1例31岁左房黏液瘤病人,心脏黏液瘤切除后2个月,肌肉、肺、脑转移,该病人切除两块转移肌肉,脑根除术后,用多柔比星、异环磷酰胺化疗后,成功达到转移缓解。ROH等[34]报道1例21岁左房黏液瘤,切除瘤体,辅佐长春新碱、放线菌素D、环磷酰胺、多柔比星化疗,1 a内出现广泛的全身转移,病人再次手术切除转移瘤,并行多种化疗,外周血干细胞移植,病人存活37个月,未发现其他转移。建议心脏手术后,3个月检测1次,持续1 a,然后1次/a,连续2 a,然后1次/2 a,连续4 a,共10 a,是否手术,并行放疗和化疗根据病人情况确定。
约10%的右房黏液瘤发生肺栓塞,形成肺假性动脉瘤。一位48岁女性,右房黏液瘤合并胸片双侧肺部多发结节,考虑转移瘤,形成“tree-in-bud sign”,CTA显示周围肺动脉上许多(>60个)囊状或梭状动脉瘤,切除黏液瘤,随访3.5 a,大多数肺动脉瘤变小,有的消失,几个变大[35]。1例33岁男性黏液瘤切除6个月,因为胸痛住院,影像显示肺栓塞,并多发、双侧、节段肺动脉瘤。4 a后病人咯血、呼吸困难,胸腔镜左侧上、下肺活检发现,组织为弥散血栓,包括恶性的黏液瘤组织栓子、血栓性的动脉病理区、机化的血栓,相关血管壁增厚,动脉瘤形成部位病理上是扩张的血管,在血管壁内瘤细胞不规则的侵入血管腔或整个血管壁,穿透弹力层,继发瘤样扩张,而心脏没有复发。
黏液瘤似乎是良性占位,却带来许多并发症,虽然发病率低,却值得关注。
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(收稿2018-03-18 修回2018-05-12)
本文引用信息:都晓帆,张爱元,张爱娟.心脏黏液瘤合并颅内多发夹层动脉瘤动静脉瘘1例报道[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(13):1505-1508.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.13.351
Reference information:DU Xiaofan,ZHANG Aiyuan,ZHANG Aijuan.One case of cardiac myxoma with intracranial multiple dissecting aneurysms and arteriovenous fistula[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(13):1505-1508.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.13.351