脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者梗死特点及血清学分析
刘欣欣 王亚博 王晓雪 许宏侠 张峰菊
河南大学第一附属医院,河南 开封 475000
基金项目:河南省医学科技攻关计划项目(编号:201702133)
作者简介:刘欣欣,Email:liuxin8744@163.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者梗死特点及血清生化指标变化。方法 选取2017-05—2018-04在河南大学第一附属医院进行诊治的120例脑梗死患者,根据是否合并2型糖尿病分为A组(脑梗死合并2型糖尿病)和B组(脑梗死未合并2型糖尿病),每组60例。比较2组患者的病情、血脂及血清UA、TNF-α、ADPN、hs-CRP、Hcy水平。结果 A组患者大面积梗死、腔隙性梗死、多发性梗死、再发性梗死的比例均明显高于B组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组患者的尿酸以及血脂水平均明显高于B组,2组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组患者的TNF-α、Hcy、Hs-CRP水平均明显高于B组,而ADPN水平明显低于B组,2组比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者其梗死病情以及预后与患者的血糖水平均有密切关系,因此尽早地控制血糖及血脂水平,对于脑梗死的治疗和预后具有重要的促进作用。
【关键词】 脑梗死;2型糖尿病;梗死特点;尿酸;血清生化指标
【中图分类号】 R743.33 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)18-2018-08 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.445·
Infarction characteristics and serological analysis of patients with cerebral infarction complicated with type 2 diabetes
LIU Xinxin,WANG Yabo,WANG Xiaoxue,XU Hongxia,ZHANG Fengju
The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University,Kaifeng 475000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To explore the characteristics of infarction and changes of serum biochemical parameters in patients with cerebral infarction complicated with type 2 diabetes.Methods To select 120 cases of cerebral infarction in our hospital from May 2017 to April 2018,according to whether or not combined type 2 diabetes to divided into group A(cerebral infarction combined with type 2 diabetes) and group B(cerebral infarction combined with no type 2 diabetes),60 cases in each group.To compare the condition,blood lipid and serum levels of UA,TNF-α,ADPN,hs-CRP and Hcy.Results After the intervention,The proportions of large area infarction,lacunar infarction,multiple-infarction and recurrent infarction in group A were significantly higher than those in group B,the difference between the two groups had statistical significance(P<0.05);The UA and blood lipid levels in groups A were significantly higher than those in group B,the difference between the two groups had statistical significance(P<0.05);The levels of TNF-α,Hcy,Hs-CRP in group A were significantly higher than those in group B,while the level of ADPN was significantly lower than that in group B,the difference between the two groups had statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion The infarcted condition and prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes were closely related to their blood glucose,the blood glucose and blood lipid levels were controlled as soon as possible,it played an important role in the treatment and prognosis of cerebral infarction.
【Key words】 Cerebral infarction;Type 2 diabetes;Infarct characteristics;Uric acid;Serum biochemical index
脑梗死又称为缺血性卒中,其发病原因是由各种致病因素共同作用于机体,从而造成脑组织局部区域血液流通障碍,血液供应不足而引起脑部组织发生缺血、缺氧性病变或坏死,从而进一步产生临床上所对应的神经功能缺损表现。临床上根据脑梗死患者发病机制的不同将其分为脑血栓形成、脑栓塞和腔隙性梗死等主要类型,而最常见的类型即为脑血栓形成,约占临床全部脑梗死的60%,临床上通常说的脑梗死即脑血栓的形成[1-4]。脑梗死在我国发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,其发生对于人类身心健康造成了严重的威胁,而如果患者合并糖尿病,则不仅会对患者的神经功能、预后产生严重的影响,而且也会增加脑梗死的发病率[5-8]。糖尿病是一组以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,病因是由于机体胰岛素功能障碍,分泌缺陷或其生物作用受损所致[9-11]。长期存在的高血糖会造成机体各种组织损害,患者脂质代谢系统易发生紊乱,且动脉血管易发生病变,进一步则会导致机体动脉粥样硬化和脑梗死,所以说,糖尿病是脑梗死常见的一种危险因素,如脑梗死患者合并糖尿病,不仅会增加治疗难度,且预后较差,易复发[12-14]。本文则主要探讨和分析河南大学第一附属医院收治的120例脑梗死患者的临床特点。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2017-05—2018-04在河南大学第一附属医院诊治的120例脑梗死患者,根据是否合并2型糖尿病分为A组(脑梗死合并2型糖尿病)和B组(脑梗死未合并2型糖尿病)各60例。A组男34例,女26例;年龄58~74(63.2±7.6)岁。B组男33例,女27例;年龄56~76(62.9±8.2)岁。2组一般资料无明显差异(P>0.05)。
1.2 病例选择标准 (1)符合脑梗死诊断标准[8],2型糖尿病符合2011年美国糖尿病协会制定的诊断标准[9];(2)脑梗死首次发病且发病至入院≤72 h;(3)患者对研究内容知情并签署知情同意书。
1.3 排除标准 (1)合并肝、肾功能障碍者;(2)合并急慢性感染性疾病者;(3)一过性血糖升高者;(4)意识不清或精神障碍者。
1.4 检测指标 (1)MRI检查:应用3.0磁共振机对患者脑梗死情况进行检查,结果分为大面积梗死(病灶直径30 mm以上)、腔隙性梗死(病灶直径15 mm以下)、多灶性梗死(病灶不只1处)、再发性梗死(有病灶次数2次以上)。(2)尿酸与血脂:患者入院清晨抽取静脉血,应用全自动生化分析仪测定尿酸(UA)、总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平。(3)生化指标:采用酶联免疫法检测血清TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α)、ADPN(脂联素)、hs-CRP(高敏C反应蛋白),循环酶法检测血清Hcy(同型半胱氨酸)。
1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 20.0分析数据,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,行t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 MRI检查 A组大面积梗死、腔隙性梗死、多发性梗死、再发性梗死比例明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 尿酸与血脂 A组尿酸及血脂水平均明显高于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 血清生化指标 A组TNF-α、Hcy、Hs-CRP水平均明显高于B组,ADPN水平明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1 2组患者MRI检查结果比较 [n(%)]
Table 1 Comparison of the results of MRI examination in the two groups [n(%)]
组别 |
大面积梗死 |
腔隙性梗死 |
多发性梗死 |
再发性梗死 |
A组 |
16(26.67) |
38(63.33) |
34(56.67) |
14(23.33) |
B组 |
7(11.67) |
27(45.00) |
22(36.67) |
5(8.33) |
χ2值 |
4.35 |
4.06 |
4.82 |
5.06 |
P值 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
表2 2组患者尿酸与血脂水平比较 (x±s)
Table2 Comparison of the levels of UA and blood lipid in the two groups (x±s)
组别 |
UA(μmol/L) |
CHO(mmol/L) |
TG(mmol/L) |
HDL(mmol/L) |
LDL(mmol/L) |
A组 |
402.33±98.66 |
5.65±1.27 |
2.56±0.92 |
0.79±0.41 |
3.99±1.28 |
B组 |
316.74±94.35 |
4.52.±1.31 |
1.39±0.85 |
1.08±0.67 |
3.36±1.13 |
t值 |
7.84 |
2.67 |
2.55 |
2.04 |
2.2 |
P值 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
表3 2组患者血清生化指标比较 (x±s)
Table 3 Comparison of serum biochemical indexes in the two groups (x±s)
组别 |
TNF-α(μg/L) |
ADPN(μg/mL) |
Hcy(μmol/L) |
Hs-CRP(mg/L) |
A组 |
1.59±0.32 |
4.28±1.35 |
21.88±6.54 |
19.36±6.37 |
B组 |
1.32±0.26 |
7.32±2.41 |
16.02±5.13 |
7.25±3.69 |
t值 |
2.09 |
2.75 |
3.24 |
4.87 |
P值 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
3 讨论
脑血管病是临床常见病和多发病,也是我国患者致残、致死的重要疾病,是一个严重的社会问题[17-19]。脑血栓形成是脑梗死的重要类型,其病因基础主要是动脉粥样硬化,因此,导致机体动脉粥样硬化的因素也是发生脑梗死的最常见病因[20-21]。近几年的全球范围统计研究中显示,90%以上的脑梗死患者致病风险可归咎于几个常见的危险因素,依次为高血压、长期大量抽烟、饮食习惯与内容不当、严重缺乏体育锻炼、糖尿病、长期过量饮酒、精神压力过大或抑郁、合并基础性心脏系统疾病、高脂血症等[22-24]。大多数动脉粥样硬化患者常存在高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等危险因素,这些因素可造成脑部动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变,但以大中型管径的动脉受损为主。由于动脉粥样硬化常常在大血管的分叉处和弯曲处发生,因此颈动脉的起始部和虹吸部、大脑中动脉起始部以及椎动脉及基底动脉中下段等部位是形成脑血栓的好发部位。当位于这些部位上的血管内膜斑块破裂后,血液中的有形成分(如血小板、纤维素等)逐渐黏附、聚集和沉积而形成血栓,而血栓发生脱落后形成的栓子可阻塞远端动脉而引发脑梗死[25-27]。此外,脑动脉中形成的斑块也能够导致管腔本身出现明显的狭窄和闭塞,从而进一步导致灌注区域内的血液压力明显下降、血流速度减慢或血液黏稠度增加,从而引起局部脑区域供血减少以及促进形成局部血栓而发生脑梗死[28-30]。
2型糖尿病是脑梗死的常见并发症,也是患者生存质量严重下降的一个重要原因。高血糖能够对全身各组织器官的营养代谢产生严重影响,其对中枢神经系统的损伤更加不容忽视,因此合并糖尿脑梗死患者病情严重而且预后较差[31-33]。近几年的临床统计研究显示,糖尿病的患病率逐年增加,而且是急性脑梗死的一种独立危险因素,合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者不仅病情复杂、病程长,且治疗难度大,因此对人类的生命健康产生了严重的威胁[34-37]。研究显示,糖尿病患者颅内血管动脉粥样硬化明显比非糖尿病患者严重,尤其是小动脉的硬化和毛细血管的微管病变,另外,高血糖还会造成内皮细胞受损和代谢紊乱等[38-39]。
3.1 脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者梗死特点 本次MRI检查结果显示,合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者其大面积梗死、腔隙性梗死、多发性梗死、再发性梗死的比例均显著升高,其病情程度的严重性也高于非糖尿病患者。与非糖尿病人群相比,合并2型糖尿病的患者更易发生脑梗死,一方面是由于糖尿病使机体微血管发生严重病变,大量的钙质沉附于血管内下,造成毛细血管基底膜变厚,从而使管腔狭窄,进一步导致血流量减少且速度减慢[40-41],另外,红细胞流动性减弱、聚集性增高而血小板黏附和聚集反应提高,但纤溶系统功能降低,血液处于高凝、高黏状态,加重了脑血液循环障碍[42-43];另一方面,机体在长期高血糖的刺激下,更容易使相关炎症因子高水平表达而造成患者动脉粥样硬化[44]。因此,糖尿病患者易得缺血性脑血管病。
临床研究表明,急性脑梗死患者其血糖升高的主要原因有两个方面,一是因为患者本身存在隐性的糖尿病或已存在糖尿病,二是因为当患者脑梗死发生后,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴受到损害,皮质醇分泌升高,从而促进了血糖的上升。另外,在脑梗死急性期,机体会发生强烈的应激反应,促使血糖升高,而在高血糖的状态下,底物供给增加,酸性代谢产物堆积,进一步加重了神经细胞的缺血、水肿、坏死。因此,合并糖尿病的脑梗死患者,其神经缺损和梗死程度会明显加重[45-48]。其作用机制是:在高血糖状态下发生脑梗死,缺血、损伤的脑组织不能对糖进行有效的有氧代谢,从而加速了无氧糖的酵解、增加了乳酸的生成,造成患者缺血性乳酸性中毒,脑部能量物质ATP的再生减少,能量的缺少造成钠泵功能的衰竭,钠离子内流,从而进一步导致脑细胞水肿,加速缺血脑组织的损害;另一方面,由于ATP再生减少,能量物质不足,钙离子泵活性降低,使位于细胞内的钙离子超载,加重了线粒体产生ATP的抑制作用,进一步使自由基链锁反应激活,加重细胞膜性结构的损伤,加速神经细胞的坏死[49-52]。此外,高血糖状态下,机体血液黏稠度升高,红细胞的变形能力降低而加重脑坏死。
3.2 尿酸和血脂水平变化对脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者的临床意义 心血管疾病的一种独立危险因素即高尿酸血症,临床研究人员越来越关注其水平与脑梗死的关系。而有研究证实,合并糖尿病的患者,其较高的尿酸水平会更加明显地影响血管事件的发生[53-55]。而本次研究结果中,2组患者的UA水平之间存在统计学差异(P<0.05),A组患者的UA水平显著增高。其原因可能是合并2型糖尿病后,胰岛素抵抗而继发胰岛素血症,从而使肾近端肾小管尿钠的排泄受到严影,抗尿酸排泄的同时也减少了排出尿酸,导致血尿酸增高[56];另外,也可能是由于糖尿病易使患者微血管发生病变,而肾微血管的病变导致了其血流的降低,但尿酸排泄与肾血流成反比,因此增加了血尿酸水平[57]。此外,高尿酸血症也有增加脑梗死发病率的可能,一方面是由于尿酸高水平的表达促进形成和发展动脉粥样硬化,促进氧化LDL和脂质过氧化反应、降低自由基的消除能力,从而影响脑梗死的临床过程;另一方面,尿酸盐结晶通过炎症反应可激活血小板而启动凝血级联反应,促进血栓的形成[58-59]。
脑梗死的主要发生是由动脉粥样硬化导致,而高血压是其主要病因,但却不能忽略血脂因素[60-61]。本次研究结果中,A组血脂水平与B组之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),表现为高CHO、高TG、高LDL和低HDL,糖尿病患者脂质代谢紊乱,而高CHO、TG、LDL水平可以沉积在血管壁而引起动脉粥样硬化,而低HDL水平不能完全达到抑制动脉粥样硬化的效果,因此会增加脑梗死的发病率[62-65]。
3.3 血清生化指标水平变化对脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者的临床意义 脑梗死是糖尿病患者的常见并发症,而其主要病理基础即动脉粥样硬化,而在这个过程中,内皮细胞、巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞是慢性炎症反应的三要素[66]。
APN是脂肪细胞分泌的一种内源性生物活性多肽或蛋白质,在目前的临床研究中,脂联素具有预示2型糖尿病和冠心病病情进展的作用,并且也表现出一定的抗炎症潜力[67-69]。APN作为一种重要的调节炎症反应的因子,具有抑制部分炎性因子表达的作用,而其对于炎症反应的调节会对脑梗死的发生和发展产生影响;此外,脂联素具有一定的胰岛素增敏作用,能够对胰岛素抵抗起到一定的改善效果[70-71]。因此,正常的APN水平对机体也具有一定的调节作用。此外,在炎性刺激物的影响下,ADPN可对内皮细胞的炎性反应进行调控,还可对巨噬细胞成熟、泡沫细胞转化和平滑肌细胞增殖产生抑制,从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用[72-73]。而在本文中合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者其ADPN表达水平显著降低,说明了机体自我拮抗动脉粥样硬化的能力下降。
TNF-α、hs-CRP、Hcy不仅是糖尿病、脑梗死等心脑血管疾病的常用指标,也是其主要危险因素,参与机体的炎症反应[74]。炎症反应能够对动脉粥样硬化斑块处血栓的形成起到一定的促进作用而引发脑梗死,而脑梗死发生后,缺血缺氧又可增加局部炎症反应从而提高炎性因子水平,其水平的异常提高会加剧脑部的神经元损伤[75-76]。
TNF-α是一种多效应的炎性细胞因子,通过调节机体炎症反应以及免疫应答,并对血管内皮细胞的功能活性进行干扰而造成机体凝血功能亢进并形成血栓,从而形成脑组织缺血缺氧损伤的关键物质神经毒性介质[77-78]。hs-CRP是机体发生炎症反应的非特异性急性时相反应蛋白,与CRP相比具有更高的灵敏度,能够检测低水平的CRP水平,是一项比较稳定的生化指标。当机体发生损伤或存在炎症反应时,肝脏合成和分解hs-CRP的速度明显加快,从而引起血清中hs-CRP水平升高[79-80]。脑梗死发生后,大量的炎症因子可促进CRP的合成,其水平的升高可以通过对补体进行激活产生大量的攻击复合物而对血管内膜造成损伤,血管内膜通透性的增加影响脑梗死的严重程度。此外,合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者,机体的高血糖可以引起内皮细胞损伤而进一步加重机体的炎性反应,进一步提高hs-CRP水平[81-83]。本次研究结果显示,合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者其血清TNF-α和hs-CRP水平均显著增高,两者水平的显著增高均可以说明机体组织发生损伤或有炎症反应发生,也可以在一定程度上反映机体损伤程度[84-86]。
Hcy是一种含硫基的非必需氨基酸,是蛋氨酸代谢过程中通过肾脏代谢的一个重要产物。通常情况下,正常人群的血清Hcy含量较低, Hcy主要通过再甲基化和转硫作用进行代谢,但当机体发生损伤和炎症反应或营养元素缺乏、激素水平异常等多种原因均可以对再甲基化和转硫过程进行影响,Hcy转化受阻,细胞内滞留的Hcy释放至血液中,使血清含量增高[87-88]。脑梗死合并糖尿病患者,动脉粥样硬化和高水平的血糖是重要的病理生理基础,其引起的Hcy水平升高能够使血管内皮选择性通透功能产生障碍,导致血管壁上沉积过量的脂蛋白和胆固醇,灭活血管舒张因子一氧化氮,还能够提高血小板的聚集以及凝血因子的活性,进一步促进动脉粥样硬化的发生。此外,糖尿病患者的血清Hcy水平增高与患者机体胰岛素水平具有一定关系,合并糖尿病的脑梗死患者,梗死区的缺氧、缺血又抑制了糖的氧化,激活炎症细胞,显著升高Hcy水平[89-91]。
综上所述,合并2型糖尿病的脑梗死患者其脑卒中的病情以及预后与患者的血糖水平均有密切关系,因此尽早地控制血糖、血脂水平,不仅有助于减少脑梗死的发生,且对于脑梗死治疗和预后具有重要的促进作用。
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(收稿2018-06-01 修回2018-07-25)
本文引用信息:刘欣欣,王亚博,王晓雪,许宏侠,张峰菊.脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者梗死特点及血清学分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(18):2018-2025.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.445
Reference information:LIU Xinxin,WANG Yabo,WANG Xiaoxue,XU Hongxia,ZHANG Fengju.Infarction characteristics and serological analysis of patients with cerebral infarction complicated with type 2 diabetes[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(18):2018-2025.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.445