麻省总医院神经内科医师培训启示
宋 波 张 锐 刘新静 许予明△
郑州大学第一附属医院神经内科,河南 郑州 450052
作者简介:宋波,Email:13526691496@126.com
△通信作者:许予明,Email:13903711125@126.com
【摘要】 美国住院医师制度相对成熟,我国虽然起步较晚,但也在不断完善。本文结合自身经历,分析美国神经内科住院医师培训的特点,旨在取长补短,为我国的医师培训提供参考。
【关键词】 神经内科;住院医师;规范化培训;临床医学;教学研究
【中图分类号】 R74 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)18-2074-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.453
Revelation of residency training in Department of Neurology in MGH
SONG Bo,ZHANG Rui,LIU Xinjing,XU Yuming
Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China
【Abstract】 The residency training is a well-developed system in the United States.Although the residency training started relatively late in China,It is constantly improving.Based on the author's own experience,this essay discussed the characteristics of medical education and residency training in the Department of Neurology in MGH,in order to learn the advantages and provide a reference for residency training in China.
【Key words】 Neurology;Residency;Standardized training;Clinical medicine;Teaching research
美国哈佛大学医学院附属麻省总医院(Massachusetts General Hospital,MGH)是美国历史最悠久的综合性医院之一,是哈佛医学院规模最大的教学医院。本人有幸于2015-11—2017-10在麻省总医院神经科学习,参加针对临床医生的各种学术讲座,并参与到脑卒中患者临床数据建设中。通过学习交流,对麻省总医院神经科有了进一步的认识,对神经科住院医师的培养有了较为深入的了解。在年轻医师的培养方面,有一些相似之处,但有更多的不同。本文就本人对两地医师培养方面的体会做一汇报总结。
1 医学院入学条件存在差异
在我国,学生高中毕业后即可考入医学院,相对于其他专业,临床医学专业分数线相对较高,入学的学生多学习能力强、勤奋踏实,高考成绩较高。然而,随着国内医疗环境的恶化、医生社会地位下降,医生这个职位对年轻人的吸引力越来越弱,优秀生源较前减少。在美国,医学院在录取新生的时候要求学生已经具备一个学士学位。申请医学院需要医学院入学考试,考试较难,竞争激烈,只有成绩很高的人才有机会录取。但仅是入学考试成绩高是不够的,医学院录取的时候综合学生的整体素质,如同时结合学生本科时期的GPA,社会实践经历等[1-20]。很多大学生要申请医学院之前都在临床医生的实验室做过志愿者或科研助理工作,很多人甚至在专业杂志上发表过学术论文,他们在这些阶段特别注意人文精神的培养,因为医生是与人打交道的,要有爱心,所以做志愿者或工作的时候特别注意选择救生员、救助队员等方面[21-36]。由此可见,相对中国医学生入学,美国医学生入学条件更加严格苛刻。真正能进入医学院的学生均在同龄人中各方面都出类拔萃[2,37-50]。
2 麻省总医院神经内科住院医师的培养
美国于1876年建立住院医师培训制度。在实施过程中,通过不断的完善,建立了以授予专科证书为目标的考试程序,如今美国住院医师培训体系已相对成熟。美国住院医师培训目标讲究实际、从实用角度出发,即“使住院医生毕业后能够成为主治医师,工作独当一面,在激烈的市场竞争中求得生存”[51-60]。美国对于住院医师的管理非常严格。住院医师培训手册中对住院医师的工作职责、请休假制度等都作出了详细的规定,并严格按制度执行[3,61-68]。这一点,笔者在临床学习的过程中深有体会。
2.1 不一样的交班 每天早上住院医查看过分管患者后,即开始参加急诊病例讨论,一般由主治医师对夜里急诊患者进行病例分析,有时候还会有专家讲座,这些专家都是业界的大牛。每天08:00进行早交班。国内交办多是由护士与值班医生简单汇报夜班患者的变化和新入院病人的情况。他们的交班和我们大不相同,交班时由管床护士介绍患者的基本情况,接着带组的高年资住院医师开始反馈昨天患者的病情变化,汇报其要做的检查,以及今天的工作计划、需要护士去完成的工作,康复治疗师从康复角度点评病人的临床表现,主管医师会综合患者的情况决策患者下一步是需要继续住院治疗还是转至康复医院治疗。
2.2 注重住院医师临床思维的培养 每天09:00开始查房。正式查房时,由主治医师带领不同年资的住院医师查房,处理病人的主要是高年资住院医师,查房时低年资住院医师汇报病例,带组的高年资住院医师进行点评与初步分析,主治医师进行进一步点评,之后再由低年资住院医师提出自己的处理意见,高年资住院医师进行补充,最终主治医师下最后决定。这样的培养模式充分发挥了住院医师对疾病分析的主动性,更加有利于临床诊断能力的提高。
2.3 临床与影像、病理紧密结合 另一个值得我们学习的是,每天13:00~14:00影像科的医生会到病房与临床医生就临床医生有疑问的影像学检查进行进一步的分析讲解与讨论,做到真正无缝隙的结合,而且对某些疑难病例会连续讨论几天,每次结合患者新的检查以及用药后反应,让人获益匪浅。
早年的神经系统疾病由于没有影像学的支持,很多情况都靠猜测,20世纪60年代Charles Miller Fisher医生与病理学的主任开展了神经病理尸检工作,到现在发展成了Brian-Cutting病例讨论会[4]。每周五07:30~08:30在神经病理科举行的Brian-Cutting病例讨论会对我触动最大的临床教学活动之一。责任医师会提前1 d通过邮件把简单的病例介绍(绝大多数是典型的临床病例)发给住院医师和实习医师,讨论会开始时由责任医师进行简单的病例汇报,之后神经病理科主任开始点名提问,一般会提问5名年轻医师。年轻医师要对病例进行定位定性分析,主任负责记录作为考核成绩,之后进行影像学分析,揭晓诊断。最后是最有特色的环节,病理科医师现场把固定好的脑组织切开做大体观察,如果需要做组织切片的一般会提前把一半脑组织做好病理切片,汇报病理结果。最后主任点评,并对该病例进一步分析,强调诊疗过程中的关键点及需要进一步提高的方面。在整个病例讨论过程中,年轻医生从查询资料到病理观察、主任分析,能对相关疾病及鉴别诊断有更为直观深刻的认识。笔者从中也受益匪浅。还有一个与我国不同之处,美国没有临床型研究生,因此,以培养临床医生的教学目的单一明确。住院医师的目标也更加简单明确,更加专注临床。
2.4 住院医师的自我管理 住院医师每天12:00~13:00都有讲座安排,主要由高年资的住院医师组织,讲座内容丰富,主要包括针对疾病临床研究进展的综述;对自己治疗过的病人的总结,包括临床处理是否得当,诊断及治疗过程有什么瑕疵,有什么心得体会,用包括PDCA、鱼骨图等分析工具分析哪些方面可以进一步改善;自己参与的科研项目的进展情况;针对医学生还有执业医师考试方面的培训;此外,还有定期的主治医师进行的临床基础讲座。不过非常人性化的是科室都会准备简单的午餐。
每一个住院医师都是工作狂人。他们的工作时间一般是从06:00~22:00。每天查3次病人,除正常查房外,在早上交班前和晚上离开前都要查看病人。因离医院近的地方房租贵,住院医师的住所离医院普遍较远,所以每天基本上05:00起床,最早一班公交和地铁主要的乘客就是住院医师了。从09:00左右开始查房后除中午2 h的学习交流时间,一直查房到16:00多,之后开始写各种文书,非常有意思的是三级医师各写各的查房记录,都留存在病例系统里面,这些都将用于最终住院医师考核的一部分依据。平均下来每个病人都会花1 h以上的时间。美国的住院医师的工作时间是受到法律约束的,每周工作时间不能超过80 h,连续工作时间不能超过28 h,周末不值班的医生可以不用来查房,因此周末的值班医生反而会更加忙碌、查房时间会更长。
2.5 考核制度 麻省总医院神经内科特别注重住院医师的考核,包括两部分,第一是平时的考核,每个主治医师会对住院医师进行平时日常工作进行评判,包括日常工作态度、工作熟练程度、与患者交流的能力以及日常学术交流等,而且这部分是考核的重点部分,最终汇总成一个成绩。和我们的住院医师的培养一样,出科时会有一个专门的考试,由考核委员会出题,包括问诊病例、体格检查、病例分析等,这种考试每次只针对2~3名住院医,每次持续会1 d,甚是紧张与辛苦。
我国住院医师培养制度相对年轻,目前培训制度也越来越健全,各个医院也越来越重视住院医师培训。近几年,我国的住院医师规培工作也取得很大的进步[5,8,13-14,16]。然而依然存在一些问题,如有些带教老师培养学生的意识欠缺,一些规培医生也缺乏主动性;其次,考核制度还有待进一步完善。他山之石可以攻玉,美国的在临床医生培养方面已经形成了完整的系统,尤其是像神经内科这种专科性更强的科室,笔者希望我们学习他人的长处,从而丰富完善自己,培养出更加优秀的临床医生。
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(收稿2018-07-06 修回2018-08-12)
本文引用信息:宋波,张锐,刘新静,许予明.麻省总医院神经内科医师培训启示[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(18):2074-2078.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.453
Reference information:SONG Bo,ZHANG Rui,LIU Xinjing,XU Yuming.Revelation of residency training in Department of Neurology in MGH[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(18):2074-2078.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.18.453.