目的 探讨替罗非班在脑梗死不同时期的安全性及对血小板活化的影响。方法 120例脑梗死患者被随机分为脑梗死急性期组、脑梗死亚急性期组和对照组。对照组接受阿司匹林+胞二磷胆碱治疗,脑梗死急性期及亚急性期组接受72 h的替罗非班+胞二磷胆碱治疗后,再继续行对照组治疗方案。各组分别于替罗非班治疗前及治疗后,行血小板计数、血尿、便血及血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)检查,同时采用NIHSS评分进行神经功能评定,采用ELISE检测P选择素表达水平,于治疗后第2天行头颅CT检查。结果 在替罗非班治疗结束后,脑梗死急性期组
替罗非班在脑梗死不同时期的安全性及对血小板活化的影响
杨直堂 苏进营 刘志军 王琮民 王友明 盛学文 刘保国
河北工程大学附属医院,河北 邯郸 056002
基金项目:河北省卫计委重点科技研究计划(编号:1120140113)
作者简介:杨直堂,Email:hszfym@sina.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨替罗非班在脑梗死不同时期的安全性及对血小板活化的影响。方法 120例脑梗死患者被随机分为脑梗死急性期组、脑梗死亚急性期组和对照组。对照组接受阿司匹林+胞二磷胆碱治疗,脑梗死急性期及亚急性期组接受72 h的替罗非班+胞二磷胆碱治疗后,再继续行对照组治疗方案。各组分别于替罗非班治疗前及治疗后,行血小板计数、血尿、便血及血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)检查,同时采用NIHSS评分进行神经功能评定,采用ELISE检测P选择素表达水平,于治疗后第2天行头颅CT检查。结果 在替罗非班治疗结束后,脑梗死急性期组和对照组均未见血尿、便血及颅内出血,3组血小板计数及PT均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脑梗死急性期组NIHSS评分及P选择素均较亚急性期组及对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 替罗非班在脑梗死急性期及亚急性期应用是安全的,能降低血小板的活化,且在脑梗死急性期具有治疗作用。
【关键词】 脑梗死;急性期;亚急性期;替罗非班;安全性;血小板活化
【中图分类号】 R743.33 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)20-2217-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.479
Safety of tirofiban in different periods of cerebral infarction and its effect on platelet activation
YANG Zhitang,SU Jinying,LIU Zhijun,WANG Congmin,WANG Youming,SHENG Xuewen,LIU Baoguo
The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University,Handan 056002,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the safety of tirofiban in different periods of cerebral infarction and its effect on platelet activation.Methods 120 patients with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into acute stage group,subacute stage group and control group.The control group received aspirin + citicoline treatment,and acute stage group and subacute stage group received 72 hours of tirofiban + citicoline treatment,and then continued the treatment control group.Platelet count,hematuria,blood in the stool and plasma prothrombin time (PT) were measured before and after treatment with tirofiban.The NIHSS score was used for neurological assessment,and the expression level of P-selectin was detected by ELISE.Head CT examination was performed on the 2nd day after treatment.Results After treatment with tirofiban,there was no hematuria,blood in the stool and intracranial hemorrhage in the acute phase and control group.There was no significant difference in platelet count and PT between the three groups (P>0.05).The NIHSS score and p-selectin in the acute phase of cerebral infarction were significantly lower than those in the subacute group and the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion Tirofiban is safe in acute and subacute phase of cerebral infarction,can reduce platelet activation,and has a therapeutic effect in the acute phase of cerebral infarction.
【Key words】 Cerebral ischemia;Actue stage;Subactue stage;Tirofiban;Safety;Platelet activation
脑梗死指各种原因所致脑部血液供应障碍,导致脑组织缺血、缺氧性坏死,出现相应神经功能缺损[1-2]。对于不能溶栓的患者,阿司匹林常被推荐为脑梗死治疗的首选[3-5],但部分脑梗死患者服用阿司匹林后效果较差[6-7],考虑与阿司匹林抵抗[8-12]或对血小板活化的抑制作用减弱有关[13-17]。因此,选择一种安全有效的脑梗死治疗方法,是目前所面临的首要任务。
替罗非班是近年来开发的一种抗血小板聚集新药,通过拮抗血小板糖蛋白(glycoprotein,GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体,发挥抗血小板作用[13-17]。P选择素常用于评价血小板活化程度[20]。替罗非班主要用于治疗急性心肌梗死,而在脑梗死急性期及亚急性期作用及安全性,目前无相关报道。本试验拟通过观察替罗非班在脑梗死急性期及亚急性期的安全性,从而为脑梗死治疗提供新的方法。
1 对象与方法
1.1 纳入及排除标准 本试验符合河北工程大学附属医院伦理委员会的人体试验标准并获得该委员会通过。每位受试者入院时均被告知试验的内容及不良反应并签属知情同意书。纳入标准:(1)发病后6 h住院;(2)NIHSS评分5~25分;(3)因第一次脑梗死而住院,并且头颅CT或MRI证实有局部病灶;(4)脑梗死的病灶不超过大脑总体积的1/3,无颅内出血迹象;(5)住院时间≥10 d。
排除标准:(1)对替罗非班过敏者;(2)年龄>90岁或<20岁者;(3)凝血功能障碍者或最近21 d有内脏出血者;(4)最近48 h接受肝素治疗或抗凝治疗且INR>1.5;(5)肝、肾功能障碍者;(6)最近3个月有颅内手术或有腰穿、动脉穿刺者;(7)血小板计数<100×109个/L;(8)精神异常者或伴癫痫发作者;(9)收缩压>180 mmHg或舒张压>100 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。
1.2 受试对象分组及给药方法 将120例受试对象随机分为对照组(急性期组30例,亚急性期组32例)、脑梗死急性期组(28例)及脑梗死亚急性期组(30例)。根据临床经验及病理学基础,将脑梗死患者分为急性期(发病3 d内)及亚急性期(发病4~7 d)。对照组自入院后即给予阿司匹林0.1 g口服,1次/d,胞磷胆碱0.5 g静滴,有糖尿病及高血压者给予相应处理,治疗1个疗程(每疗程为14 d)。不同时期脑梗死患者的给药方法:除将阿司匹林换成替罗非班外,脑梗死急性期及亚急性期组患者接受对照组相同治疗。替罗非班给药方式为静脉泵入,以0.6 μg/(kg·min)速度持续泵入30 min,然后改为0.15 μg/(kg·min)持续泵入72 h,治疗结束后改为阿司匹林口服。
1.3 观察指标 分别于替罗非班治疗前及治疗后的当天,记录每组受试对象的血压、脉搏、上消化道不适、睡眠及体温情况,以了解替罗非班是否对人体的正常生理功能产生影响。阳性判断标准:与用药前相比,收缩压较前增加≥10 mmHg,脉搏较前增加≥10次/min,体温≥1 ℃,入睡时间较前>1 h,上消化道有恶心、返酸症状。
1.4 安全性评价 分别于替罗非班治疗前及治疗后的当天,检测每组受试对象的血小板计数、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、血尿及便血。于替罗非班治疗结束后的第1及第2天,行头颅CT检查,以了解患者是否有颅内出血。
1.5 神经功能评价 分别于替罗非班治疗前后行NHISS评分,以了解替罗非班对脑梗死患者神经功能的影响。
1.6 血小板活化水平检测 将稀释好后的标准品和待测样品于反应孔内,立即加入生物素标记的抗体,振荡混匀,37 ℃温育1 h,甩去孔内液体,洗涤,加入亲和链酶素-HRP,混匀,37 ℃温育30 min,洗涤,加入底物A、B,混匀,37 ℃避光温育10 min。取出酶标板,迅速加入终止液后立即测定结果,在450 nm波长处测定各孔的OD值,根据标准曲线测定P选择素浓度。
1.7 统计学分析 采用SPSS 17.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,行t检验,两两比较采用单因素方差分析,多组率的比较采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般情况 在接受替罗非班治疗前,各组的收缩压、脉搏、上消化道不适、睡眠及体温无明显差异(P>0.05)。在接受替罗非班治疗后,脑梗死急性期组收缩压增高10 mmHg及以上为2例(7.1%),上消化道不适5例(17.5%),急性期对照组分别为3例(10%)、5例(16.7%)。脑梗死亚急性期收缩压增高10 mmHg及以上为2例(6.7%),上消化道不适6例(20.0%),亚急性期对照组分别为3例(9.4%)、7例(21.9%),4组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组脉搏、睡眠及体温无显著差异(P>0.05)。
2.2 安全性评价 在替罗非班治疗前,各组的血小板计数及血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)无显著差异,且无血尿及便血患者,头颅CT结果示亚急性期组出血1例。替罗非班治疗后,脑梗死急性期组及亚急性期组的血小板计数均较对照组减少,血浆凝血酶原时间较各对照组延长,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
2.3 神经功能评定 治疗前各组NIHSS评分无明显差异。治疗后,脑梗死急性期组NIHSS评分(3.3±0.26)明显低于亚急性期组(5.3±0.5)及对照组(6.1±0.12),差异有统计学意义(F=23.52,P<0.05)。脑梗死亚急性期组NIHSS评分低于对照组(5.8±0.22),但差异无统计学意义(t=1.56,P>0.05)。
表1 各组血小板计数及血浆凝血原时间比较 (x±s)
Table 1 Platelet count and plasma prothrombin time in each group (x±s)
组别 |
n |
治疗前 |
|
治疗后 |
血小板计数 |
PT(s) |
|
血小板计数 |
PT(s) |
脑梗死急性期组 |
28 |
215±4.8 |
13.4±0.2 |
|
203±4.4 |
14.9±0.3 |
亚急性期组 |
30 |
221±1.2 |
14.2±0.1 |
|
207±2.3 |
15.0±0.2 |
急性期对照组 |
30 |
218±2.1 |
14.1±0.4 |
|
210±1.1 |
14.8±0.1 |
亚急性期对照组 |
32 |
216±2.0 |
14.2±0.7 |
|
213±1.1 |
14.7±0.2 |
2.4 血小板活性检测 在替罗非班治疗前,各组的P选择素表达水平无明显差异。在替罗非班治疗后,脑梗死急性期组P选择素表达水平(5.8±1.4)明显低于亚急性期组(7.1±2.2)及对照组(8.1±1.6),且差异有统计学意义(F=22.61,P<0.05)。脑梗死亚急性期组P选择素表达水平低于对照组(8.6±1.7),但差异无统计学意义(t=1.56,P>0.05)。
3 讨论
虽经替罗非班治疗后的脑梗死急性期组及亚急性期组患者的血压增高,部分受试者出现恶心及上腹部不适症状,但与阿司匹林治疗组无显著差别,而脉搏、睡眠及体温在治疗前后无明变化。进一步研究显示,与阿司匹林治疗的对照组相比,替罗非班并未明显影响受试对象的血小板计数及凝血系统,更未造成血尿及便血。虽亚急性期组1例出现颅内出血,但考虑该患者年龄稍大,梗死面积稍大,故不能排除出血转化。与亚急性期组及对照组相比,急性期患者的NIHSS评分及P选择素水平明显降低,提示替罗非班在脑梗死急性期及亚急性期应用是安全的。该课题组同时也观察到替罗非班改善了脑梗死急性期患者的神经功能,抑制了血小板的活化,提示替罗非班在脑梗死急性期具有很好的疗效。
脑梗死的主要发病机制为在动脉硬化的基础上,大量的血小板活化并聚集,从而形成血栓[21-29]。因此,静脉溶栓被公认为脑梗死急性期治疗的最有效方法[30-32],但由于时间窗的限制,使得绝大多数患者失去了溶栓治疗机会[33]。阿司匹林作为一种经典的抗血小板聚集药物,被广泛应用于脑梗死治疗中[16,34-36],但近年研究显示,对部分患者而言,阿司匹林并不能抑制血小板活化,也不能阻止病情进展[8,37]。P选择素被很多文献作为血小板活化的指标。因此,寻找一种更有效抑制血小板聚集及活性药物成为神经内科医师所关注的焦点。
替罗非班作为一种血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa(gpⅡb/Ⅲa)受体拮抗剂,阻止了血小板聚集的最终通路[18,38-40]。该药更多地被用于急性心肌梗死及冠脉综合征的治疗,近年来也被用于心肌梗死及脑梗死支架置入术后治疗[41]。但关于该药在脑梗死中的作用,却鲜有文献报道。研究[42]发现,替罗非班不但可以治疗急性进展性脑梗死,还有内源性溶栓作用。MARIO等[43-44]报道,替罗非班在治疗发病3~22 h的脑梗死患者是安全的。
替罗非班能改善急性脑梗死患者的神经功能,对脑梗死患者的一般生理功能无明显影响,更进一步证明该药的安全性。
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(收稿2018-08-15 修回2018-09-30)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:杨直堂,苏进营,刘志军,王琮民,王友明,盛学文,刘保国.替罗非班在脑梗死不同时期的安全性及对血小板活化的影响[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(20):2217-2221.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.479
Reference information:YANG Zhitang,SU Jinying,LIU Zhijun,WANG Congmin,WANG Youming,SHENG Xuewen,LIU Baoguo.Safety of tirofiban in different periods of cerebral infarction and its effect on platelet activation[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(20):2217-2221.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.479