目的 探讨脑出血昏迷患者继发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的危险因素。方法 抽取2014-11—2017-01荥阳市人民医院91例脑出血昏迷患者,根据是否继发MODS分为观察组(n=34)与对照组(n=57)。对2组一般资料[年龄、性别、出血部位(小脑、丘脑、脑叶)、血压、血肿量]、既往病史(糖尿病、高血压、脑卒中、冠心病)、相关评分[昏迷指数(GCS)、病情严重程度评分(APACHE-Ⅱ)]进行对比,分析脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素。随访3个月,对比2组预后情况。结果 观察组性别、出血部
脑出血昏迷患者继发多器官功能障碍综合征的危险因素分析
胡淑梅 张利焕 张 爽
荥阳市人民医院神经内科,河南 荥阳 450100
作者简介:胡淑梅,Email:905998305@qq.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨脑出血昏迷患者继发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的危险因素。方法 抽取2014-11—2017-01荥阳市人民医院91例脑出血昏迷患者,根据是否继发MODS分为观察组(n=34)与对照组(n=57)。对2组一般资料[年龄、性别、出血部位(小脑、丘脑、脑叶)、血压、血肿量]、既往病史(糖尿病、高血压、脑卒中、冠心病)、相关评分[昏迷指数(GCS)、病情严重程度评分(APACHE-Ⅱ)]进行对比,分析脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素。随访3个月,对比2组预后情况。结果 观察组性别、出血部位、既往高血压史、脑卒中史及血压(SBP、DBP)与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组年龄、既往糖尿病史、冠心病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE-Ⅱ评分与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经Logistic多因素回归分析,年龄、糖尿病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE-Ⅱ评分是脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的重要危险因素(P<0.05)。随访3个月后观察组预后情况较对照组更差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS预后较差,年龄、既往糖尿病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE-Ⅱ评分是引起脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素。
【关键词】 脑出血昏迷;多器官功能障碍综合征;年龄;既往糖尿病史;危险因素
【中图分类号】 R749.1+3 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)20-2294-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.494
Analysis of the risk factors of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with cerebral hemorrhage coma
HU Shumei,ZHANG Lihuan,ZHANG Shuang
Department of Neurology,People's Hospital of Xingyang,Xingyang 450100,China
【Abstract】 Objective To explore the association between age,previous history of diabetes mellitus and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in patients with cerebral hemorrhage coma.Methods From November 2014 to January 2017,91 cases of cerebral hemorrhage coma patients in our hospital were divided into observation group (n=34) and control group (n=57) according to whether secondary MODS occurred.General information (induding age,sex,bleeding site (cerebellum,thalamus,brain),blood pressure,hematoma volume),past medical history ( induding diabetes,high blood pressure,stroke,coronary heart disease),related score(coma index (GCS) and severity rating (APACHE-Ⅱ)) of the two groups were compared,the risk factors of secondary MODS in coma patients with cerebral hemorrhage were analyzed,and the association of age,past diabetes history and cerebral hemorrhage coma patients with secondary MODS were analyzed as well.Patients with followed up for 3 months,and the prognosis of the two groups were compared.Results There was no significant difference in gender,bleeding site,previous history of hypertension,history of stroke and blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in the observation group compared with the control group (P>0.05),the age,previous history of diabetes,history of coronary heart disease,hematoma volume and GCS score,APACHE-Ⅱ score of the observation group were significantly different from the control group (P<0.05).Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that the age,history of diabetes mellitus,hematoma volume and GCS score,APACHE-Ⅱ score were the important risk factor of secondary MODS in patients with cerebral hemorrhage coma (P<0.05).After 3 months follow-up,the prognosis of the observation group was worse than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion The prognosis of cerebral hemorrhage coma patients secondary to MODS was poor.Age,previous history of diabetes,hematoma volume,GCS score and APACHE-Ⅱ score were the risk factors of secondary MODS in patients with cerebral hemorrhage coma.
【Key words】 Cerebral hemorrhage coma;Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome;Age;Previous history of diabetes;Risk factors
脑出血是临床常见脑血管疾病,具有较高病死率及致残率。近年来,随人口老龄化加剧,脑出血发病率呈不断上升趋势,加重家庭及社会经济负担[1-2]。多器官功能障碍综合征(multi-organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)是在严重感染、创伤等急性疾病中相继或同时并发的2个及以上器官急性功能衰竭或障碍。脑出血昏迷患者长期卧床,会进一步增加肝、肾功能损害、感染等发生风险,故脑出血昏迷患者是MODS的多发人群[3-5]。掌握脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素,早期发现并给予有效治疗与干预是改善脑出血继发MODS患者预后的关键,但目前临床尚无较多关于脑出血昏迷继发MODS危险因素的深入研究[6-7]。本研究选取荥阳市人民医院91例脑出血昏迷患者,探讨年龄、既往糖尿病史与脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的关联性。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 抽取2014-11—2017-01荥阳市人民医院91例脑出血昏迷患者,男47例,女44例,年龄47~79(64.39±11.41)岁。脑出血病因:脑血管畸形致脑出血29例,动脉硬化性脑出血62例。其中34例发生MODS为观察组,未发生MODS的57例脑出血昏迷患者为对照组。MODS诊断要点:在脑出血基础上并发2个及2个以上脏器功能衰竭可诊断为MODS,包括肺功能衰竭、肝功能衰竭、脑功能衰竭、肾衰竭、中枢神经系统功能衰竭、心血管功能衰竭、消化道功能衰竭、凝血机制障碍。
1.2 纳入及排除标准 (1)纳入标准:符合脑出血相关诊断标准[8],GCS评分≤8分;家属知晓本研究并自愿签署知情同意书;研究符合医学伦理学标准,经医院伦理协会审核同意。(2)排除标准:纳入研究前2周内具有感染史;入院24 h内死亡;合并恶性肿瘤疾病;依从性差难以配合本研究顺利完成。
1.3 研究方法 (1)收集一般资料:统计2组年龄、性别、出血部位(小脑、丘脑、脑叶)、既往病史(糖尿病、高血压、脑卒中、冠心病);测量2组血压[收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)]、血肿量。(2)评分:采用格拉斯哥昏迷指数(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)[9]评估2组昏迷情况,分值越低昏迷越严重;以急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分系统(acute physiological and chronic health evaluation,APACHE-Ⅱ)[10]对2组病情严重程度进行评估,分值越高病情越严重。(3)随访3个月,以格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)评估2组预后情况,分恢复良好(5分)、轻中度残疾(4分)、重度残疾(3分)、植物生存(2分)、死亡(1分)5个等级。
1.4 统计学分析 运用SPSS 18.0软件统计分析数据,计数资料采用n(%)表示,行χ2检验,等级资料采取秩和检验,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较行独立样本t检验,采用Logistic进行多因素回归分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS危险因素单因素分析 观察组性别、 出血部位、既往高血压史、脑卒中史及血压(SBP、DBP)与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组年龄、既往糖尿病史、冠心病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE-Ⅱ评分与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS危险因素Logistic多因素回归分析 经Logistic多因素回归分析,年龄、糖尿病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE-Ⅱ评分是脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的重要危险因素(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 预后 随访3个月观察组预后情况较对照组更差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1 脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS危险因素单因素分析
Table 1 Single factor analysis of secondary MODS risk factors in coma patients with cerebral hemorrhage
影响因素 |
观察组(n=34) |
对照组(n=57) |
t/χ2/Z值 |
P值 |
年龄(x±s,岁) |
68.51±10.36 |
61.23±9.86 |
3.344 |
0.001 |
性别[男/女(n)] |
19/15 |
28/29 |
0.390 |
0.533 |
出血部位[n(%)] |
|
|
|
|
小脑 |
14(41.18) |
24(42.11) |
|
|
丘脑 |
13(38.24) |
19(33.33) |
0.115 |
0.909 |
脑叶 |
7(20.59) |
14(24.56) |
|
|
既往病史[n(%)] |
|
|
|
|
糖尿病 |
12(35.29) |
6(10.53) |
8.233 |
0.004 |
高血压 |
32(94.12) |
50(87.72) |
0.392 |
0.531 |
脑卒中 |
5(14.71) |
9(15.79) |
0.019 |
0.890 |
冠心病 |
10(29.41) |
5(8.77) |
6.590 |
0.010 |
血肿量(x±s,mL) |
52.31±14.32 |
37.69±11.15 |
5.432 |
0.000 |
血压(x±s,mmHg) |
|
|
|
|
SBP |
161.32±23.57 |
153.25±21.02 |
1.693 |
0.094 |
DBP |
105.63±11.36 |
102.79±12.54 |
1.082 |
0.282 |
GCS评分(x±s,分) |
3.21±0.41 |
5.39±0.48 |
22.096 |
0.000 |
APACHE-Ⅱ评分(x±s,分) |
35.62±8.11 |
22.74±6.79 |
8.134 |
0.000 |
表2 脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS危险因素Logistic多因素回归分析
Table 2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for secondary MODS in coma patients with cerebral hemorrhage
危险因素 |
回归系数 |
标准差 |
Wald值 |
P值 |
OR值 |
95% CI |
年龄 |
1.163 |
0.724 |
4.921 |
0.025 |
2.635 |
1.226~19.263 |
既往糖尿病史 |
1.421 |
0.523 |
7.726 |
0.006 |
4.251 |
1.574~11.175 |
既往高血压史 |
1.522 |
0.782 |
3.273 |
0.094 |
1.002 |
1.081~24.534 |
血肿量 |
1.156 |
0.567 |
8.745 |
0.005 |
5.325 |
1.689~13.547 |
GCS评分 |
1.83 |
0.624 |
9.014 |
0.003 |
6.578 |
1.903~21.564 |
APACHE-Ⅱ评分 |
1.517 |
0.526 |
8.257 |
0.009 |
4.263 |
1.625~12.412 |
表3 2组预后情况比较 [n(%)]
Table 3 Comparison of prognosis between 2 groups [n(%)]
组别 |
n |
5分 |
4分 |
3分 |
2分 |
1分 |
观察组 |
34 |
3(8.82) |
7(20.59) |
10(29.41) |
6(17.65) |
8(23.53) |
对照组 |
57 |
17(29.82) |
14(24.56) |
11(19.30) |
12(21.05) |
3(5.26) |
Z值 |
|
2.652 |
|
|
|
|
P值 |
|
0.008 |
|
|
|
|
3 讨论
脑出血是临床常见病与多发病,随我国老龄人口增多,脑出血发生率呈不断增长趋势,且受生活方式及饮食习惯改变等因素影响,其发病年龄日渐年轻化,成为威胁中老年群体身心健康的重要疾病[11-12]。脑出血发病突然、病情危重,发病后患者多昏迷不醒,致体液调节及神经调节失常,引起多系统器官发生缺血性水肿,导致功能障碍,最终引发MODS。
脑出血后MODS发生机制尚不明确。本研究中观察组年龄、既往糖尿病史、冠心病史、血肿量及GCS评分、APACHE-Ⅱ评分与对照组均存在明显差异(P<0.05),且Logistic多因素回归分析示,年龄、糖尿病史、血肿量、GCS评分及APACHE-Ⅱ评分是脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的重要危险因素。年龄是脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的危险因素之一,年龄越大,患者存在慢性疾病的可能性越大,则机体耐受度越差,在发生脑出血后,机体脏器多处于代偿状态,更易发生MODS,且相关研究发现,老年脑出血患者继发MODS后其病情较年龄较小者更危重,病死率更高[13-14]。有糖尿病史患者多存在不同程度全身免疫功能低下及代谢紊乱,脑出血昏迷后,患者口鼻咽部寄生菌极易侵袭下呼吸道诱发肺部感染,肺部感染可进一步导致呼吸衰竭,机体缺氧后细胞代谢功能损害,成为器官衰竭的基础。一方面,胰岛素分泌及胰岛素抵抗障碍,可促进白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死细胞因子-α及CRP等炎性细胞因子大量释放,而大量炎性因子释放可诱发无法控制的炎性反应,最终引起MODS;另一方面,糖尿病患者过氧化物脂质及自由基含量较高,且花生四烯酸代谢存在异常,血小板在血栓素作用下聚集而发生微血栓,导致血流呈黏、缓状态,加重微循环障碍,引起凝血机制异常[15]。研究证实,凝血酶具有较强毒性,可通过破坏血-脑屏障、介导炎性反应等机制诱发脑组织水肿,增加血肿面积[16-17]。血肿直接对脑组织造成压迫,并引起占位效应,增加继发性脑水肿、脑疝形成、血液破入脑室所致脑脊液循环障碍等发生风险,严重者可诱发MODS[18]。
GCS及APACHE-Ⅱ是评估脑出血患者昏迷程度及病情严重程度的常用评分量表[19-20]。研究发现,脑出血患者预后与昏迷程度密切相关,昏迷导致脑出血患者意识完全丧失,进一步加重病情危重程度[21]。随意识丧失,患者对外界刺激反应迟钝或完全丧失,无法对任何刺激作出主动反应,提示此时患者脑皮质功能已丧失,且昏迷程度越深,患者预后越差。昏迷导致患者卧床时间长,机体抵抗力差,极易发生感染,进而引发MODS[22]。APACHE-Ⅱ是评估危重患者病情严重程度的体系,由急性生理及慢性健康两部分组成,其分值越高提示患者病情越为危重,则继发MODS的风险越大,故APACHE-Ⅱ亦可作为评估脑出血昏迷患者继发MODS的重要指标[23-24]。随访3个月,观察组预后较对照组差(P<0.05),充分佐证了脑出血患者继发MODS后预后更差,故脑出血发生后,临床应准确评估MODS危险因素及发生风险,及时制定干预方案,降低MODS发生率,以改善脑出血患者预后。脑出血昏迷患者入院后,根据其年龄、有无糖尿病史、脑血肿量及GCS、APACHE-Ⅱ评估结果获取相关信息,判断患者是否存在继发MODS的较高风险,进而有利于对MODS进行早期预防。本研究存在一定局限性,需扩大样本量及延长随访时间进一步研究。
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(收稿 2017-02-15 修回2018-06-15)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:胡淑梅,张利焕,张爽.脑出血昏迷患者继发多器官功能障碍综合征的危险因素分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(20):2294-2298.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.494
Reference information:HU Shumei,ZHANG Lihuan,ZHANG Shuang.Analysis of the risk factors of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with cerebral hemorrhage coma[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(20):2294-2298.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.494