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替罗非班对急性进展性脑梗死的疗效观察

作者 / Author:尹帅领

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨替罗非班对急性进展型脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法 选取40例确诊的急性进展型脑梗死患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,治疗组采用拜阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+替罗非班治疗,对照组采用拜阿司匹林+氯吡格雷治疗。卒中进展的判断应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分进行即时评定,分别记录2组患者入院时、进展时,加用替罗非班后6 h、24 h、3 d、7 d 的NIHSS评分,并采用NIHSS评分降幅评定临床疗效。结果

关键词 / KeyWords:

急性进展性脑梗死,脑卒中,替罗非班,阿司匹林,氯吡格雷

替罗非班对急性进展性脑梗死的疗效观察

尹帅领
郑州大学附属郑州中心医院神经内科,河南 郑州 450007
作者简介:尹帅领,Email:yslxy17@126.com
摘要  目的  探讨替罗非班对急性进展型脑梗死患者的临床疗效。方法  选取40例确诊的急性进展型脑梗死患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,治疗组采用拜阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+替罗非班治疗,对照组采用拜阿司匹林+氯吡格雷治疗。卒中进展的判断应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分进行即时评定,分别记录2组患者入院时、进展时,加用替罗非班后6 h、24 h、3 d、7 d 的NIHSS评分,并采用NIHSS评分降幅评定临床疗效。结果  入组及治疗后6 h时2组患者NIHSS评分差异无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组在治疗后24 h、3 d、7 d患者NIHSS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)且治疗中未出现出血等严重不良反应。治疗组总有效率90%,对照组70%,2组总有效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论  短期(3 d)应用替罗非班联合抗血小板治疗后可显著降低脑梗死再进展风险且不增加出血风险。
关键词】  急性进展性脑梗死;脑卒中;替罗非班;阿司匹林;氯吡格雷
中图分类号】  R743.33    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)21-2373-05  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.508
Therapeutic effect of tirofiban on acute progressive cerebral infarction
YIN Shuailing
Department of NeurologyZhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450007,China
Abstract  Objective  To investigate the clinical efficacy of tirofiban in patients with acute progressive cerebral infarction.Methods  Forty patients with acute progressive cerebral infarction were randomly divided into control group and treatment group.The treatment group was treated with aspirin+clopidogrel+tirofiban.The control group was treated with aspirin+clopidogrel.The NIHSS score was used for the assessment of stroke progression.The NIHSS scores of the two groups were recorded at 6 h,24 h,3 d,and 7 d after the addition of tirofiban at the time of admission and progression,and clinical efficacy.were assessed by NIHSS score reduction.Results  There was no significant difference in NIHSS score between the two groups at 6 h after enrollment and treatment (P>0.05).The NIHSS scores of the treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group at 24 h,3 d,and 7 d after treatment (P<0.05),and no serious adverse reactions such as bleeding occurred during the treatment.The total effective rate was 90% in the treatment group and 70% in the control group,the difference in the total effective rate between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion  Short-term (3 d) treatment with tirofiban combined with antiplatelet therapy significantly reduced the risk of recurrent cerebral infarction without increasing the risk of bleeding.
Key words】  Acute progressive cerebral infarction;Stroke;Tirofiban;Aspirin;Clopidogrel
        进展性脑卒中(stroke in progression,SIP)在急性脑梗死中较常见,是指发病后神经功能缺损症状在48 h内逐渐进展呈进行性加重,发病率为29%~37%[1-3],是急性脑梗死中严重且常见的临床亚型[4-9]。目前4.5 h内急诊静脉溶栓及8 h内动脉桥接是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的最有效的干预措施[10-12],既往研究[13-14]发现,静脉溶栓治疗可以降低进展性卒中的发生率但不能完全阻止进展性卒中的发生,但对于一些错过溶栓时机且给予常规治疗后病情仍然进展的患者,目前仍无特别有效的方法。既往指南显示,进展性脑卒中的治疗主要以抗凝、抗血小板、扩容等方法为主。替罗非班(tirofiban)是特效的非肽血小板纤维蛋白原受体(GPⅠb/Ⅲa)拮抗剂,可有效抑制血小板聚集,达到抗血栓作用,是目前抑制血小板聚集作用最快,选择性最高的抑制剂,主要用于治疗不稳定心绞痛,其具有疗效好,安全性高的特点[15-17]。研究[18]显示,阿司匹林和氯吡格雷双联抗血小板的基础上联合使用替罗非班,能进一步减少微血栓形成,有助于恢复冠脉血流,在急性心肌梗死患者的治疗中具有积极意义。本文观察替罗非班治疗进展性脑梗死的疗效。
1  资料与方法
1.1  一般资料  选取2016-06—2017-06郑州大学附属郑州中心医院确诊的急性进展性脑梗死患者40例,女15例,男25例,年龄(63.4±7.8)岁。纳入标准:患者均符合2005年修订的“中国脑血管病防治指南”标准;均具有急性脑梗死症状;头颅CT检查排除颅内出血;发病24 h 内,入院后的NIHSS评分增加1分,病情继续进展者;已错过最佳溶栓时间者;患者及家属均知情同意。排除标准:凝血功能障碍者;3个月内有颅内出血史,上消化道出血等疾病者;对替罗非班和阿司匹林等药物过敏者。根据治疗方法不同分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组20例采用拜阿司匹林+氯吡格雷+替罗非班治疗,对照组20例仅用拜阿司匹林+氯吡格雷。40例患者入院至进展时间0~24(10.5±6.4)h,使用替罗非班治疗时间3~27 h。
1.2  治疗方法  入院后对照组给予氯吡格雷75 mg/次,1次/d口服,拜阿司匹林片100 mg/次,1次/d口服。治疗组在对照组的基础上加用替罗非班(100 mL,12.5 mg,DSM Pharmaceutical Inc),0.07 μg/(kg·min)持续72 h静脉泵入。在无禁忌证情况下,同时服用他汀类药物降脂、稳定斑块,依达拉奉(30 mg依达拉奉+100 mL0.9%氯化钠注射液,静滴,2 次/d,持续使用7 d)清除自由基等治疗。
1.3  观察指标及评分标准  观察不良反应情况,如脑出血、大便隐血、牙龈出血等。根据治疗后NIHSS评分评定疗效。临床疗效是依据NIHSS评分降幅而定,无肢体残疾,NIHSS评分降幅91%以上为基本痊愈;可存在肢体偏瘫,病残1~3级,NIHSS评分降幅46%~90%为显效;存在偏瘫,病残大于3级,NIHSS评分降幅18%~45%为有效;治疗前后未改善为无效。有效率=基本痊愈+显效/总例数×100%。对比进展时、替罗非班治疗时及治疗后6 h、 24 h、 3 d、7 d后的NIHSS评分。
1.4  统计学处理  运用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用χ2检验,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2  结果
2.1  2组NIHSS评分比较  入组及治疗后6 h时2组患者NIHSS评分差异无明显统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗组在治疗后24 h、3 d、7 d患者NIHSS评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2  2组疗效比较  对照组基本痊愈6例,显效8例,有效4例,无效2例,总有效率70%;治疗组基本痊愈11例,显效7例,有效1例,无效1例,总有效率90%。2组总有效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.3  2组不良反应比较  2组均未出现严重的出血并发症,治疗组出现牙龈出血2例,对照组出现3例,2组不良反应差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)
表1  2组NIHSS评分比较  (x±s,分)
Table 1  Comparison of NIHSS scores in 2 groups  (x±s,score)
组别 n 入院时 进展时 6 h 24 h 3 d 7 d
对照组 20 4.25±1.51 6.52±2.52 6.58±2.42 6.42±2.23 5.96±2.12 4.05±1.98
治疗组 20 3.98±1.65 6.64±2.78 6.46±2.51 5.56±1.65 4.96±1.55 3.25±1.16
3  讨论
        进展性脑卒中具有病情重、发展快等特点,致残率、病死率均较非进展性脑卒中高,大多数患者伴有不同程度的神经功能缺损症状[19-20],一般在发病的6 h~7 d出现,占脑梗死患者的40%左右,受多种因素的影响患者就诊时已错过最佳溶栓时机,降低了药物治疗的效果,不利于患者日常生活能力的恢复。临床认为,诱发进展性脑梗死的主要原因:(1)血流动力学机制:脑部侧支循环血液供应不足,缺血去灌注较少,导致缺血半暗带的不可逆损伤;(2)脑梗死后,患者脑部会产生的自由基及兴奋性氨基酸毒性均会造成神经元的损害,引发微循环障碍,导致脑部细胞出现继发性死亡。故治疗进展性脑梗死的主要原则为清除自由基,保护脑组织。进展性脑梗死的机制较复杂,其中高血压、高血糖、感染、有效循环血量下降等均可引起临床症状加重,但在颅内血管狭窄的基础上形成的血栓仍为其主要原因[21-23]。SUGIYAMA等[24-29]报道的前循环大血管闭塞急性脑梗死患者进行路内外血管搭桥有助于患者神经功能恢复。另有研究[30-31]表明,长期高血糖水平会增加血黏度,促进纤维蛋白原水平升高,引起细小动脉血管狭窄、闭塞,导致脑灌注量减少,促使脑梗死进展。但对于大多数急性进展性脑梗死患者,控制血栓进展是治疗的重点[32-34]。而血小板聚集与血栓的形成密切相关,阻止血栓进一步形成,打破血小板聚集的连锁反应,是治疗最关键的一步。目前,抗血小板药是世界各国脑梗死指南中均强烈推荐的治疗措施[35-37]
        临床上有时虽然已给予双联(阿司匹林与氯吡格雷)抗血小板治疗,但患者临床症状仍会进一步加重,主要原因可能为血栓素A2及二磷酸腺苷(ADP)均在血小板聚集中起重要作用,阿司匹林的抗血小板功效主要通过阻断血栓生成来实现,氯吡格雷可有效抑制ADP介导的血小板活化,对于阿司匹林抵抗的患者也具有较好疗效,两者联合使用具有较好的协同作用,但进展性脑梗死病情重,阿司匹林与氯吡格雷均仅作用于血小板聚集的某个环节,故会导致部分患者治疗效果有限[38-40]。替罗非班半衰期短,给药5 min后对血小板的抑制作用可达95%以上,可有效防止血栓进一步形成,改善血管内皮功能,对血小板影响较小,停药后3h内血小板功能可基本恢复,是目前最强的抗血小板聚集药物[41-46]。前期研究[47-50]证实,STEMI患者应用替罗非班可明显提高血管的再通率,并可以促进心肌灌注,减少心肌梗死面积,改善患者预后。研究发现早期替罗非班联合应用rt-PA能增加大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞的再通率,且安全有效[51-54]。目前,替罗非班在急性冠脉综合征中的应用有明确的循证医学证据支持[6],动物实验中也证实替罗非班对实验动物颅内大、小血管血栓性闭塞引起的脑梗死安全有效,甚至可缩小脑梗死的体积[55-56]
        本研究显示,进展型脑梗死患者在加用替罗非班强化抗血小板治疗后,可有效阻止血栓形成,且还能逆转部分患者的梗死症状,一方面可显著抑制血小板聚集,减轻脑损伤,促进神经功能恢复;另一方面,可有效减轻炎性反应,防止血栓再形成,加快病情转归[52-53]。替罗非班强化抗血小板治疗急性进展型脑梗死效果理想,能够有效阻止血栓进展且不增加颅内出血风险,因此替罗非班对快速阻断卒中进展可能具有潜在的应用价值。
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(收稿2018-06-17  修回2018-08-25)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:尹帅领.替罗非班对急性进展性脑梗死的疗效观察[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(21):2373-2377.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.508
Reference information:YIN Shuailing.Therapeutic effect of tirofiban on acute progressive cerebral infarction[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(21):2373-2377.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.508
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