目的 探讨由CPA表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛的临床特点与手术疗效,以及其与原发性三叉神经痛的差别。方法 回顾分析周口市中心医院2015-01—2018-07 12例由CPA表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛的临床资料,同时分析224例特发性三叉神经痛的临床资料。均经乙状窦后入路显微手术切除肿瘤。结果 单因素分析显示继发于表皮样囊肿的三叉神经痛患者年龄均较轻,年龄(46.3±8.5)岁,同时继发性三叉神经痛的病程通常较短。肿瘤全切10例,次全切除2例。10例疼痛症状消失,2例术后3个月疼痛症状消失
CPA表皮样囊肿继发三叉神经痛的临床特点及危险因素分析
刘 霄 李 锴 郭亚洲 王常伟 刘 禹 张晓阳 刘德中△
周口市中心医院神经外科,河南 周口 466000
作者简介:刘霄,Email:moince1@163.com
△通信作者:刘德中,Email:ly0099168@163.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨由CPA表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛的临床特点与手术疗效,以及其与原发性三叉神经痛的差别。方法 回顾分析周口市中心医院2015-01—2018-07 12例由CPA表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛的临床资料,同时分析224例特发性三叉神经痛的临床资料。均经乙状窦后入路显微手术切除肿瘤。结果 单因素分析显示继发于表皮样囊肿的三叉神经痛患者年龄均较轻,年龄(46.3±8.5)岁,同时继发性三叉神经痛的病程通常较短。肿瘤全切10例,次全切除2例。10例疼痛症状消失,2例术后3个月疼痛症状消失,随访3个月~3 a疼痛无复发。术后住院期间发生短期患侧面部麻木1例,面部感觉减退5例,面瘫4例(House-BrackmannⅡ-Ⅲ级),听力下降1例,随访3个月后症状均恢复,所有患者术后无死亡及重残。结论 CPA表皮样囊肿继发三叉神经痛多数由于CPA区占位直接或间接压迫神经所导致,早期病变小,症状发作年龄较小,症状持续时间短,多数易于切除,手术疗效满意。
【关键词】 继发性三叉神经痛;桥小脑角区占位;表皮样囊肿;微血管减压术
【中图分类号】 R745.1+1 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)21-2388-06 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.511
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of trigeminal neuralgia secondary to CPA epidermoid cyst
LIU Xiao,LI Kai,GUO Yazhou,WANG Changwei,LIU Yu,ZHANG Xiaoyang,LIU Dezhong
Department of Neurosurgery,Zhoukou Central Hospital,Zhoukou 466000,China
【Abstract】 Objective CPA epidermoid cyst combined with trigeminal neuralgia is rare.This study was to investigate the clinical features and surgical outcomes of secondary trigeminal neuralgia caused by CPA epidermoid cyst,and to explore the difference between the secondary trigeminal neuralgia and primary trigeminal neuralgia.Methods A retrospective analysis was made in our hospital from January 2015 to July 2018.The clinical data of 12 secondary trigeminal neuralgia caused by CPA epidermoid cysts and 224 cases of primary trigeminal neuralgia were analyzed.All the tumors were removed by retrosigmoid approach.Results Univariate analysis showed that patients with trigeminal neuralgia secondary to epidermoid cysts were younger,about (46.3±8.5) years old,and the duration of secondary trigeminal neuralgia was usually shorter.There were 10 cases of total tumor resection and 2 cases of subtotal resection.10 cases of pain disappeared,and the pain symptoms disappeared in 2 cases after 3 months.There was no recurrence after 3 months to 3 years of follow-up.One case of short-term side numbness occurred in 5 cases of postoperative hospitalization,5 cases of facial sensation decreased,4 cases of facial paralysis (House-Brackmann Ⅱ-Ⅲ),1 case of hearing loss,symptoms recovered after 3 months of follow-up,all patients had no postoperative Death and severe disability.Conclusion The trigeminal neuralgia secondary to the epidermoid cysts of CPA were mostly caused by direct or indirect compression of nerves in CPA.The early lesions were small,the onset of symptoms was younger and the duration of symptoms was short,most of them were easy to resect,and the results of operation were satisfactory.
【Key words】 Secondary trigeminal neuralgia;Occupation of cerebellopontine angle;Epidermoid cyst;Microvascular decompression
微血管减压术(microvascular decompression,MVD)治疗三叉神经痛效果确切[1-2],随着MVD手术例数的增多,CPA区占位所导致的继发性三叉神经痛被越来越多的发现,而这些桥小脑角区肿瘤中以表皮样囊肿最为多见。回顾分析周口市中心医院2015-01— 2018-07治疗的12例由CPA表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛的临床资料,同时分析224例原发性三叉神经痛的临床资料,其中由CPA表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛约占总数的5.08%,其中肿瘤全切10例(83.3%),次全切除2例(16.6%)。其中2例在肿瘤切除同时行微血管减压术,2例行部分三叉神经痛感觉根离断术,1例同时合并三叉神经痛及面肌痉挛,术后患者恢复满意。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 继发性三叉神经痛入组患者12例,男7例,女5例,年龄28~55(46.3±8.5)岁。病程 0.5~13 ( 5.3±1.5)a。临床表现均为患侧三叉神经痛,术前口服卡马西平效果差,疼痛分布区为第1支者1例,第1、2支者1例,第2、3支者4例,局限于第2支者3例,局限于第3支者2例。12例患者中除1例患者疼痛发作不典型外,其余11例患者均具有典型的三叉神经痛表现,并存在明确的“扳机点”,口服卡马西平有效;伴随症状包括面部感觉减退2例,听力减退2例,面肌痉挛1例。入院前3例行中药外敷治疗,2例行外周神经阻滞治疗。同时分析224例特发性三叉神经痛的临床资料(表1)。依据主诉疼痛程度(VRS法)[3]分级,其中Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级4例。
1.2 影像学表现 12例继发性三叉神经痛患者术前常规行双侧三叉神经磁共振平扫,发现患侧CPA区占位10例,表现为长T2信号影,DWI弥散受限,呈高信号,通过3D-TOF序列和3D-Fiesta序列判断病变侧三叉神经有无血管压迫(图1)。病变最大直径为 1 ~ 3.5 cm,平均直径为2.3 cm。其中2例继发性三叉神经痛患者,因患侧CPA区占位直径<0.5 cm而术前MRI漏诊,术中所见及术后病理进一步证实为表皮样囊肿。
图1 头颅MRI提示 A:左侧CPA区占位,T2呈高信号,信号欠均匀;B:DWI弥散受限,呈高信号,信号欠均匀;C:3D-TOF序列;D:3D-Fiesta序列均显示左侧三叉神经REZ未见明显血管压迫,考虑表皮囊肿可能
Figure 1 Head MRI prompts A:The left CPA area is occupied,T2 is high signal,the signal is not uniform;B:DWI diffusion is limited,high signal,signal is not uniform;C:3D-TOF sequence;D:The 3D-Fiesta sequence showed no significant vascular compression in the left trigeminal nerve REZ,considering the epidermal cyst
图2 术中见显微镜下观察桥小脑角区肿块呈珍珠状,三叉神经根被包裹在肿瘤中无法观察(A);肿瘤切除后三叉神经根完全暴露出来(B) Ⅴ:三叉神经;Ⅶ:面神经;T:肿瘤
Figure 2 In the operation of the iliac crest:the lumps of the cerebral cerebral horn were observed as a pearl, and the trigeminal nerve root was wrapped in the tumor and could not be observed (A);the trigeminal nerve root was completely exposed after tumor resection (B) V:trigeminal nerve;VII:facial nerve;T:tumor
1.3 手术方法 手术入路常规采用枕下乙状窦后入路,形成直径3~5 cm大小骨窗,术中骨窗需充分显露横窦与乙状窦夹角处,减少术中对小脑及岩静脉的牵拉。另外术中需尽可能松解CPA区蛛网膜并释放脑脊液,缓慢降低颅内压,为进一步暴露并切除肿瘤提供空间。在脑神经周围操作应尽可能使用术中电生理监测,以避免损伤肿瘤周围颅神经。对于表皮样囊肿多采用囊内切除,待压力下降后再分离肿瘤包膜,在保持神经功能的基础上尽可能全切肿瘤。肿瘤切除后应常规探查三叉神经REZ区有无血管压迫,如肿瘤切除后血管压迫无缓解,多需要进一步行微血管减压术。本组病例中2例患者在肿瘤切除后,探查REZ区发现存在小脑上动脉压迫,遂进一步行微血管减压术。其中2例患者肿瘤切除后进一步行三叉神经感觉根部分离断术。特发性三叉神经痛患者行常规乙状窦后入路显微血管减压术(MVD)。
1.4 统计学分析 所采集数据通过SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行了分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以百分率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
1.5 患者临床特征 见表1。
表1 特发性三叉神经痛与继发性三叉神经痛患者临床特征比较
Table 1 Comparison of clinical features between patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and secondary trigeminal neuralgia
临床特征 |
特发性三叉神经痛(n=224) |
继发性三叉神经痛(n=12) |
P值 |
发病年龄/岁 |
64.7 ±10.4 |
46.3 ±8.5 |
<0.05 |
性别[n (%)] |
|
|
>0.05 |
男 |
144 (64.3) |
7(58.3) |
|
女 |
80 (35.7) |
5(41.7) |
|
症状持续时间(a) |
10.6±7.1 |
5.7±2.3 |
<0.05 |
侧别(n) |
|
|
>0.05 |
左侧 |
122(54.5) |
7(58.3) |
|
右侧 |
102(45.5) |
5(41.7) |
|
双侧 |
1(0.4) |
0 |
|
疼痛分布[n (%)] |
|
|
>0.05 |
第一支 |
40(17.8) |
2(16.6) |
|
第二支 |
133(59.3) |
8(66.7) |
|
第三支 |
107(47.7) |
6(50.0) |
|
神经缺损症状[n (%)] |
|
|
|
面部麻木 |
23(10.2) |
1(8.3) |
>0.05 |
面部感觉障碍 |
16(7.1) |
5(41.6) |
<0.05 |
角膜反射消失 |
14(6.2) |
4(33.3) |
<0.05 |
听力减退 |
6(2.6) |
1(8.3) |
>0.05 |
脑脊液漏 |
1(0.4) |
0 |
>0.05 |
2 结果
继发性三叉神经痛组患者发病年龄为(46.3 ±8.5)岁明显低于特发性三叉神经痛组(64.7 ±10.4)岁,P<0.05;另外继发性三叉神经痛组患者症状持续时间(5.7±2.3)岁明显短于特发性三叉神经痛组(10.6±7.1)岁,P<0.05。在术后神经缺损症状对比中,继发性三叉神经痛患者术后出现神经功能缺损(面部感觉障碍、角膜反射消失)的例数较特发性三叉神经痛患者多(P<0.05)。2组面部疼痛三叉神经分布区差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2组性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),受累侧别差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
3 讨论
3.1 CPA区表皮样囊肿导致继发性三叉神经痛的发生率 随着三叉神经痛微血管减压术的开展例数增多,越来越多的继发性三叉神经痛被发现,有研究报道因CPA区肿瘤导致的继发性三叉神经痛占5~10 %[4],在肿瘤导致的继发性三叉神经痛患者中,由CPA区表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛发生率为0.2~5.5%[5]。本研究表明,三叉神经痛手术治疗236例,其中表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛12例,约占总数的5.08%,与以上结果基本相符。
3.2 特发性三叉神经痛与继发性三叉神经痛发病机制 三叉神经REZ区长期受血管压迫,从而导致的神经脱髓鞘及异常电兴奋被认为是特发性三叉神经痛的发病基础[6-7]。有学者认为[8-9],肿瘤导致的继发性三叉神经痛是因为肿瘤组织对REZ区的直接挤压造成,也有学者进一步证实,肿瘤导致的继发性三叉神经痛同样存在神经脱髓鞘现象[10]。在表皮样囊肿所致的继发性三叉神经痛中角蛋白的化学性刺激也被认为是发病因素之一[11]。
3.3 特发性三叉神经痛与继发性三叉神经痛的临床差异 有学者认为特发性三叉神经痛是由于老年人血管结构的变化所导致的神经与血管的接触或压迫[12]。继发性三叉神经痛有人认为是由于先天性肿瘤而在较年轻时发作,这种情况以CPA区表皮样囊肿所致的继发性三叉神经痛多见,据报道,其中位发病年龄年轻,约36岁[13-14]。 也有学者认为继发性三叉神经痛患者的症状平均持续时间低于特发性三叉神经痛患者[15]。虽然因肿瘤压迫所导致的神经功能症状更重,但单从面部疼痛方面来区别继发性三叉神经痛和特发性三叉神经痛相对比较困难[13,16],另外有学者认为由CPA区肿瘤所致的继发性三叉神经痛症状发作更早[13,17-18],由CPA区表皮样囊肿导致的继发性三叉神经痛患者发病年龄较小[19-22]。在本研究中10/12例术前MRI诊断明确,仅有2例表皮样囊肿因占位直径<0.5 cm而漏诊,术后病理进一步证实为表皮样囊肿。因此,在以往的研究中,对表现为三叉神经痛的患者应入院后常规行磁共振检查[23-24],年轻的症状性三叉神经痛患者可从早期的CT或MRI检查中获益,从而得到早期诊断。
治疗及预后 根据LIU等[25]对CPA区占位导致继发性三叉神经痛的简化分类方法:A型肿瘤包绕神经;B型肿瘤压迫神经;C型肿瘤、血管双重压迫。表皮样囊肿倾向于直接包裹或压迫(A型或B型)而引起TN。本研究术中见表皮样囊肿与三叉神经关系A型3例,B型4例,AB型3例,C型2例。
研究[26]认为由于表皮样囊肿具有沿蛛网膜及脑池间隙生长的特点,很少侵犯脑组织及颅神经,所以在切除肿瘤内容物后,CPA区空间会进一步增大,从而较容易达到在切除其他性质CPA肿瘤时难以达到的区域。根据术者的临床经验、CPA区解剖的熟悉程度、显微操作水平以及术中神经电生理监测,采取对肿瘤尽可能的全切除。从乙状窦后入路切除CPA区肿瘤时,先要观察周围神经与肿瘤囊壁的关系,注意肿瘤周围神经血管和脑干的保护。本组2例患者因肿瘤包膜与周围重要结构粘连紧密,采取了次全切除,其余10例肿瘤基本全切。此外由于表皮样囊肿内含角蛋白成分,该成分具有化学刺激作用,因此在肿瘤切除后,应使用地塞米松稀释液反复冲洗术区。本组2例患者术后出现无菌性脑膜炎,经多次腰椎穿刺及激素药物应用后症状缓解。
研究报道,肿瘤的切除水平对继发性三叉神经痛症状的复发无影响,他们认为如果残余肿瘤牢固的附着在关键的神经血管结构上,尽量避免根治性切除[27-28]。KOBATA等[17]研究了28例症状性三叉神经痛和2例面肌痉挛,均由于CPA区表皮样囊肿所致,其全切除率55%,3例在随访中症状复发,在探查术中证实原因为2例肿瘤复发,1例出现蛛网膜下腔严重粘连。而WEI等[15]研究表明,肿瘤的全切对继发性三叉神经痛的预后起到了积极作用,这一结果证实了外科医生应尽可能的全切肿瘤以达到好的长期预后。SON等[28]指出在切除桥小脑角区占位后应在三叉神经REZ区常规探查有无血管压迫,报道10例CPA 区胆脂瘤中发现1例合并REZ小脑上动脉压迫,另予以微血管减压后术后面部疼痛症状消失。因此,表皮样囊肿致继发性三叉神经痛,肿瘤的全切除或次全切除,必要时联合MVD,可获得满意的结果。由于肿瘤可能在次全切除后复发,对于残留患者,尤其是表皮样囊肿,应密切跟踪无症状复发的MRI影响。
关于术后并发症,永久性的神经功能损害应与一般并发症区分,在我们的研究中表明,表皮样囊肿致继发性三叉神经痛术后神经损伤的发生率要高于特发性三叉神经痛,这可能由于肿瘤性三叉神经痛中复杂的解剖结构导致持续性脑神经障碍的发生率增加。然而2组手术并发症总体上差异无统计学意义。这一点与WEI等[15]报道的结果基本相似。
本研究中,表皮样囊肿致继发性三叉神经痛占总三叉神经痛的5.08%,其发病年龄更小,三叉神经痛的症状持续时间更短,但三叉神经痛发作前的其他脑神经症状更明显,然而单从临床表现上看这2组无差异。显微外科手术对两种三叉神经痛都是有效的,对于较年轻的症状性三叉神经痛患者应尽早的行CT或MRI检查,术中尽可能全切肿瘤,必要时行MVD,并且术后应定期复查头颅MRI了解肿瘤有无复发情况。
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(收稿2018-08-04 修回2018-09-30)
本文责编:关慧
本文引用信息:刘霄,李锴,郭亚洲,王常伟,刘禹,张晓阳,刘德中.CPA表皮样囊肿继发三叉神经痛的临床特点及危险因素分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(21):2388-2393.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.511
Reference information:LIU Xiao,LI Kai,GUO Yazhou,WANG Changwei,LIU Yu,ZHANG Xiaoyang,LIU Dezhong.Clinical characteristics and risk factors of trigeminal neuralgia secondary to CPA epidermoid cyst[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(21):2388-2393.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.511