目的 探讨超早期显微外科手术治疗高血压小脑出血临床效果。方法 回顾性分析65例高血压小脑出血患者超早期显微外科手术治疗的临床资料,应用GOS评分指标评判预后,进行回顾性分析研究。结果 术后1 d复查头颅CT,血肿完全清除49例,血肿大部分清除(血肿残留<30%)16例,20例行侧脑室外引流术。存活61例,死亡2例,放弃治疗2例。术后随访3个月,根据日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)分级:优,ADL 1~2级(家庭生活独立)42例(68.85%),良,ADL
超早期显微外科手术治疗高血压小脑出血临床分析
袁军辉 石东付 吕岩松 董超峰 张少伟
三门峡市中心医院神经外科,河南 三门峡 472000
作者简介:袁军辉,Email:15238963360@163.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨超早期显微外科手术治疗高血压小脑出血临床效果。方法 回顾性分析65例高血压小脑出血患者超早期显微外科手术治疗的临床资料,应用GOS评分指标评判预后,进行回顾性分析研究。结果 术后1 d复查头颅CT,血肿完全清除49例,血肿大部分清除(血肿残留<30%)16例,20例行侧脑室外引流术。存活61例,死亡2例,放弃治疗2例。术后随访3个月,根据日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)分级:优,ADL 1~2级(家庭生活独立)42例(68.85%),良,ADL 3级(生活部分自理)11例(18.03%),中,ADL 4级(清醒卧床)7 例(11.48%);差,植物状态生存 1 例(1.64%),优良率 86.88%,病死率 3.08%。结论 超早期显微外科手术治疗高血压小脑出血手术创伤小,手术时间短,止血确切,血肿清除理想,是一种简便、安全、有效的治疗方法,值得基层医院推广。
【关键词】 超早期;显微外科手术;高血压;小脑出血;预后
【中图分类号】 R741.05 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)21-2404-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.514
Clinical efficacy of ultra-early microsurgery on patient with hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage
YUAN Junhui,SHI Dongfu,LYU Yansong,DONG Chaofeng,ZHANG Shaowei
Department of Neurosurgery,Central Hospital of Sanmenxia,Sanmenxia 472000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of ultra-early microsurgery on patient with hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage.Methods We reviewed the clinical data of 65 patients who suffered hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage and accepted the ultra-early microsurgeries.The prognoses were evaluated by GOS (Glasgow Outcome Scale) score index.Results CT reexaminations after 1 day of operations showed that the hematoma was completely removed in 49 patients,most of the hematoma (>70%) was removed in 16 patients,lateral ventricle drainage was used in 20 patients.There were 61 cases of survival,2 cases of death and 2 cases of abandoning therapy.Patients were followed up for 3 months and were graded by activities of daily living (ADL),including 42 cases (68.85%) on ADL 1-2 grade,11 cases (18.03%) on ADL 3 grade,7 cases (11.48%) on ADL 4 grade,1 case (1.64%) on persistent vegetative state.Excellent rate was 86.88%,death rate was 3.08%.Conclusion With the advantages of small surgical trauma,short procedure time,exact hemostasis and few hematoma,ultra microsurgery has been proved to be a simple,safe and effective method to treat hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage,and deserves to be popularized in basic-level hospitals.
【Key words】 Ultra-early;Microsurgery;Hypertensive;Cerebellar hemorrhage;Prognosis
高血压小脑出血是神经内、外科的急、危、重症,约占所有高血压脑出血的 9%[1-3],多数是由小脑上动脉、前下动脉的分支破裂所致[4-8]。发病后病情进展快,往往因血肿压迫脑干、阻塞脑脊液循通路引起急性梗阻性脑积水,导致枕骨大孔疝形成,危机生命。急性期致死、致残率高,保守治疗效果较差,超早期行显微外科手术治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法[9-13]。回顾性分析三门峡市中心医院神经外科于2012-06—2017-10收治的65例高血压小脑出血患者的临床资料,所有患者采用超早期(发病后6 h内)显微手术治疗,取得满意效果。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本组病例65例,男42例,女23例。年龄35~76岁,平均63.2岁。均有多年的高血压史,曾接受系统内科降压治疗13例,未系统内科降压治疗52例。入院时GCS评分:3 ~ 5 分 6 例,6 ~ 8 分 18 例,9 ~ 12 分 33例,12 ~ 15 分 8 例。所有患者有不同程度的头痛、眩晕、恶心、呕吐症状,伴眼球震颤16例,脑膜刺激征23例,单侧瞳孔散大的 3 例,双瞳孔散大的4 例。有冠心病史9例,脑卒中史5例,糖尿病史13例,慢性支气管炎史5例,长期吸烟病史38例。按照多田公式[π/6×长(L)×宽(S)×层面数=血肿量(mL)]计算出血量,血肿量10~25 mL,平均 14.7 mL,血肿位于小脑半球48例,位于小脑蚓部17例,合并血肿破入脑室21 例。
1.2 手术方法 本组病例均于发病后6 h内急诊手术治疗,气管插管全麻成功后,取侧俯卧位,头架固定头部,局限到一侧小脑半球的血肿选用枕下旁正中入路手术切口,小脑蚓部或较大的小脑半球血肿、波及对侧小脑半球,四脑室积血或受压明显,采用枕下正中入路手术切口,合并脑室积血、梗阻性脑积水患者,术前常规行床旁锥颅侧脑室额角穿刺外引流术。旁正中切口术中注意椎动脉的保护,邻近枕骨大孔区域肌层避免使用电刀切开,可以应用骨膜剥离器钝性推开,枕骨鳞部骨窗大小约 4 cm×5 cm,上方近矢状窦,内侧邻近中线,外侧达乙状窦,下方枕骨大孔区域用咬骨钳常规打开。正中切口枕骨鳞部骨窗范围约5 cm×6 cm,上方近矢状窦,下方常规切除枕骨大孔后缘及寰椎后弓。选取血肿最大层面,穿刺抽吸部分血肿,脑压下降后放射状剪开硬脑膜,显微镜下快速打开小脑延髓池、枕大池释放脑脊液充分减压,切开小脑皮层或蚓部,进入血肿腔,显微镜下小心吸除血肿,控制吸引器吸力,尽量保证血肿清除过程中无活动出血,术中尽量避免电灼止血,尤其是脑干及邻近区域,术野确切止血,冲洗干净,提升血压达140/90 mmHg,检查术野无出血后敞开硬脑膜,小脑表面置引流管一根,依层次严密缝合枕下肌肉层和头皮各层,结束手术,术后在插管麻醉状态下返回神经重症病房。
1.3 术后处理 (1)术后入住神经重症,继续应用镇静、镇痛药物,呼吸机控制呼吸,避免患者烦躁,静脉泵注降压药物,将血压控制在140/90 mmHg左右。(2)术后24 h内复查头颅CT,了解血肿清除情况,术后48 h内拨除颅内引流管,手术区域适当加压包扎。(3)术后常规应用止血、脱水、降颅压、营养脑细胞、预防感染、防止并发症及对症、支持治疗。(4)对于高龄、昏迷程度较深、基础疾病多患者,尽早行气管切开治疗。(5)病情稳定后早期康复治疗。
2 结果
术后1 d复查头颅CT,血肿完全清除49例,血肿大部分清除(血肿残留<30%)16例,行侧脑室外引流术20例。存活61例,死亡2例,放弃治疗2例。本组患者术后随访6个月,根据日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)分级:优,ADL 1~2级(家庭生活独立)42 例(68.85%),良,ADL 3级(生活部分自理)11例(18.03%),中,ADL 4级(清醒卧床)7 例(11.48%);差,植物状态生存 1 例(1.63%)。优良率 86.88%,病死率 3.08%。死亡2例年龄均在70岁以上,死亡原因主要为小脑出血量大、术前患者状况差、基础疾病多,术后患者长期昏迷、合并肺部感染、多脏器功能衰竭。见图1。
图1 小脑出血术前、术后颅脑CT
Figure 1 Pre- and post-operative cranial CT of cerebellar hemorrhage
3 讨论
高血压小脑出血病情发病急、进展快,致死、致残率高,尽早手术治疗是提高救治成功率、减少并发症、改善预后最有效的手段[14-20]。因后颅窝空间狭小,代偿有限,小脑血肿可直接或水肿后压迫脑干,或影响脑干的动脉血供和静脉引流,以及阻塞脑脊液循环通道导致急性梗阻性脑积水,诱发枕骨大孔疝危及生命。破入脑室系统的积血不但容易堵塞脑脊液流出通道,还直接刺激延髓的生命中枢,产生严重的继发性病理改变[21-26]。患者发病后,除血肿对周围脑组织机械性压迫造成的损伤外,还会出现一系列继发性损伤,并导致神经系统功能的缺损。这些继发性脑组织损害可能与炎症反应、红细胞裂解和血红蛋白及其降解产生的毒性物质、细胞坏死和凋亡、凝血素导致的凝血连锁反应等病理生理机制有关,这些病理过程会引起脑水肿、脑实质内神经血管单位及血脑屏障的破坏,从而形成不可逆的脑组织损害[27-31]。血肿在脑出血后30 min即可形成,6~7 h后血肿周围血管出血缺血痉挛,周围脑组织出现水肿及坏死,且随着时间延长这一情况而逐渐加重[32-33]。因此,强调尽早手术的重要性已基本达成共识,尽早手术是提高生存质量的关键[34-35]。超早期手术治疗,不但可及时清除血肿,解除血肿直接对脑组织的机械性压迫,疏通脑脊液循环通路,而且能使血浆成分及血肿分解产物对周围脑组织的损害减少到最小程度,促使神经功能的最大限度恢复,提高生存率和生存质量[36-38]。
早期手术治疗时,脑水肿尚未形成或不严重,有利于手术操作,减少术中小脑组织膨出、减轻脑组织损伤。所以对病情许可的患者,应该超早期手术,以提高治愈率及患者生存质量,降低颅内压,使受压的神经元有恢复的可能性,因此我们主张对小脑出血的患者尽早实施手术。小脑出血后的症状和体征主要取决于出血部位与出血量。出血量越多、出血部位越靠近中线、邻近或波及脑干,临床症状越重,对生命的
威胁就越大。对于蚓部或邻近中线的血肿,无论早期临床表现如何,都应早期积极手术清除血肿,而保守和穿刺脑室引流都是不安全的。多数学者认为小脑出血的手术指征如下:小脑出血>10 mL,血肿直径>3.0 cm,环池、四叠体池或四脑室受压或消失,血肿破入四脑室,出现急性脑积水,神志不清呈嗜睡状态、烦躁或昏迷,凡具有上述指征之一者均行手术[30-31]。小脑出血患者的病情变化难以预料,入院时患者清醒或嗜睡,短时间内可恶化为昏迷甚至死亡,这是区别于其他部位脑出血的临床特点之一[32-33]。高血压小脑出血积极手术治疗效果较其他部位(如基底节区)出血的要好,因此手术指征应相对放宽。患者年龄大、一般状况差及有严重的并发症不是手术的绝对禁忌,甚至一些已有呼吸衰竭患者,积极的手术治疗后仍有抢救机会。高血压小脑出血治疗不单是手术治疗,还包括血压的监测控制、术后气道管理、并发症的防治和良好营养的维持等。
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(收稿2018-03-27 修回2018-09-30)
本文责编:关慧
本文引用信息:袁军辉,石东付,吕岩松,董超峰,张少伟.超早期显微外科手术治疗高血压小脑出血临床分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(21):2404-2408.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.514
Reference information:YUAN Junhui,SHI Dongfu,LYU Yansong,DONG Chaofeng,ZHANG Shaowei.Clinical efficacy of ultra-early microsurgery on patient with hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(21):2404-2408.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.21.514