目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征与患者格拉斯哥结局评分(GOS)之间的关系。方法 选取郑州大学第一附属医院2017-05-2018-05收治的97例蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者,依据GOS分为预后良好组59例,预后较差组38例。随访记录患者的一般资料,分析影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后的主要因素。结果 (1)2组年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)2组烟酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、情绪控制、意识水平、就诊时间、血压控制、大便平均时间间隔等因素比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)2组再出血、脑积水、局灶体征、脑膜刺激征、癫痫样发作、脑血管痉挛、颅内动脉瘤、CT-Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级等因素比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)情绪控制、意识水平、血压控制、再出血、Hunt-Hess分级是影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后主要因素。结论 控制情绪的稳定、维持正常的血压水平等,一定程度上可改善蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者的预后,可采取早期相关措施进行干预,降低不良预后事件的发生率。
蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征与GOS的关系
钟 红1) 杨 阳2) 荆 婧1) 苗 旺1)△
1)郑州大学第一附属医院神经内二科1病区,河南郑州 450052 2)本溪市中心医院骨科二病区,辽宁本溪 117009
作者简介:钟红,Email:zhonghong0502@163.com
△通信作者:苗旺,Email:miaowang7211@126.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征与患者格拉斯哥结局评分(GOS)之间的关系。方法 选取郑州大学第一附属医院2017-05-2018-05收治的97例蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者,依据GOS分为预后良好组59例,预后较差组38例。随访记录患者的一般资料,分析影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后的主要因素。结果 (1)2组年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)2组烟酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、情绪控制、意识水平、就诊时间、血压控制、大便平均时间间隔等因素比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)2组再出血、脑积水、局灶体征、脑膜刺激征、癫痫样发作、脑血管痉挛、颅内动脉瘤、CT-Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级等因素比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)情绪控制、意识水平、血压控制、再出血、Hunt-Hess分级是影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后主要因素。结论 控制情绪的稳定、维持正常的血压水平等,一定程度上可改善蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者的预后,可采取早期相关措施进行干预,降低不良预后事件的发生率。
【关键词】 蛛网膜下腔出血;低T3综合征;格拉斯哥结局评分(GOS);CT-Fisher分级;Hunt-Hess分级
【中图分类号】 R743.35 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)24-2669-07 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.558
Relationship between subarachnoid hemorrhage with low T3 syndrome and GOS
ZHONG Hong1),YANG Yang2),JING Jing1),MIAO Wang1)
1)Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China;2)Department of Orthopaedics,Benxi Central Hospital,Benxi 117009,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the relationship between subarachnoid hemorrhage with low T3 syndrome and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS).Methods 97 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with low T3 syndrome received in our hospital from May 2017 to May 2018 were divided into good prognosis group (59 cases) and poor prognosis group (38 cases) according to Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS).The two groups of patients were followed up,general data and clinical data were recorded,and the main factors affecting the prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with low T3 syndrome were analyzed.Results (1) The age and sex of the two groups were P>0.05,the difference was not statistically significant.(2) Comparing the smoking and drinking history,diabetes history,hypertension history,emotional control,consciousness level,visiting time,blood pressure control and average defecation time interval between the two groups (P<0.05),the difference was statistically significant.(3) Rehaemorrhage,hydrocephalus,focal signs,meningeal irritation signs,epileptic seizures,cerebral vasospasm,intracranial aneurysms,CT-Fisher classification,Hunt-Hess classification and other factors were compared between the two groups (P<0.05).(4) Emotional control,level of consciousness,blood pressure control,rebleeding and Hunt-Hess classification are the main factors affecting the prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with low T3 syndrome.Conclusion For patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with low T3 syndrome,controlling emotional stability and maintaining normal blood pressure level can improve the prognosis of patients to a certain extent.Early intervention can be taken clinically to reduce the incidence of adverse prognostic events.
【Key words】 Subarachnoid hemorrhage;Low T3 syndrome;Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS);CT-Fisher classification;Hunt-Hess classification
缺血性脑卒中是最常见的脑卒中类型,其次是颅内动脉瘤破裂引起的脑出血和蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)[1]。尽管蛛网膜下腔出血不像缺血性脑卒中和脑出血那么常见,但患者的低年龄和较高的发病率和病死率使其对寿命损失的影响类似于更常见的脑卒中类型[2]。颅内动脉瘤属于脑血管疾病,是指颅内动脉管壁上的异常突出。动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血是脑卒中的第三大最常见原因,且伴高病死率和严重并发症的风险,严重功能损害和严重残疾是脑卒中幸存者的重要不良后遗症[3-4]。此外,脑卒中幸存者需要长期护理和丧失生产力给社会带来巨大的社会经济负担[4-5]。蛛网膜下腔出血患者发病后临床症状主要表现为肢体麻木、半身不遂、头痛、头晕、言语不利等[6]。因此,对急性脑血管事件后功能结局的早期准确预测,对指导脑卒中患者的医疗管理和康复策略,改善患者的功能生存和预后具有重要的临床价值。目前,急性脑卒中患者的预后通常依赖于传统的临床预后模型[7-8]。通常采用患者年龄、临床脑卒中严重程度(用标准化脑卒中症状严重程度和意识水平评定量表)和按病情严重程度对患者进行分层,并预测患者预后。然而,传统的临床预后模型的预后价值仍然不足,需要不断改善急性脑卒中患者的风险分层。为此,许多人致力于识别基因组、神经内分泌、炎症和神经影像学生物标记物,这些生物标记物可能对更准确地根据脑卒中严重程度对患者进行分层,指导个别患者的治疗,并预测脑卒中患者的短期和长期预后[9-13]。下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺(HPT)轴的改变是患有包括中枢神经系统紊乱在内的严重疾病的患者的常见并发症,蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征发病率有所增长[14-15]。有充分的文献证明,在重病患者中,HPT轴的正常功能受到干扰[16-17]。低T3综合征是急性脑血管病的常见并发症,在诊断为缺血性/出血性脑卒中和动脉瘤性SAH的患者中,患病率32%~61%[18-20]。低T3综合征是一种常见的内分泌疾病,主要由于甲状腺激素分泌或合成不足所导致,进一步加大了临床治疗的难度[21]。HPT轴和甲状腺激素受体(TRs)的正常功能是正常脑发育和维持的关键[22]。低T3综合征是严重躯体和精神疾病患者中常见的并发症,与疾病严重程度有关,并与病死率和致残率上升有关[14-15,23-24]。对于蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者来说,合并疾病导致患者致残率及病死率均有所提高,严重影响到患者的预后[25]。因此,早期发现影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后的因素,并采取措施加以干预,一定程度上可改善患者预后,提高其生存质量。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取郑州大学第一附属医院2017-05-2018-05收治的97例蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者,依据格拉斯哥结局评分(GOS)分为预后良好组59例及预后较差组38例。预后良好组中,男31例,女28例,年龄35~72(53.5±18.5)岁;预后较差组男21例,女17例,年龄32~73(52.5±20.5)岁。2组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
纳入标准:(1)符合《中国脑血管病防治指南》中蛛网膜下腔出血诊断标准;(2)三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)水平低于1.34~2.73 nmol/L;(3)本研究已获我院伦理委员会批准,所有患者及家属均知情且自愿参加研究。意识障碍患者、治疗配合依从性较差患者、临床资料丢失患者、既往甲状腺病史患者均不纳入本次研究。
1.2 方法 (1)记录患者年龄、性别、烟酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、情绪控制、意识水平、就诊时间、血压控制、大便平均时间间隔等一般资料。(2)记录分析再出血、脑积水、局灶体征、脑膜刺激征、癫痫样发作、脑血管痉挛、颅内动脉瘤、CT-Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级等临床资料。
1.3 观察指标 观察97例蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后情况,分析影响其预后的主要因素,分别进行单因素分析与多因素分析。
1.3.1 GOS评分:满分5分,5分为患者痊愈,生活完全恢复正常;4分为患者中度残疾,但可独立生活;3分为患者严重残疾,无法独立生活;2分为患者长期处于植物生存状态;1分为患者死亡。
1.3.2 CT-Fisher分级:Ⅰ级为患者颈项强直,且无任何症状或头痛;Ⅱ级为患者颈强直,且伴随中重度头痛,脑神经麻痹;Ⅲ级为患者错乱、嗜睡,出现轻度局灶神经系统功能缺失;Ⅳ级为患者去大脑强直早期,中重度偏瘫,呈昏迷状态;Ⅴ级为患者去大脑强直,深度昏迷,且濒临死亡。
1.3.3 Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级为患者未见出血;Ⅱ级为患者出现弥漫出血,但未形成血块;Ⅲ级为患者积血较厚,水平面上大于5 mm×3 mm,垂直面上>1 mm;Ⅳ级为患者脑室内积血或脑内出现血肿。
1.4 统计学方法 采用SPSS 20.0软件分数据析,计数资料用百分率(%)表示,采用卡方χ2检验,计量资料用均数±标准(x±s)表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 2组一般资料比较 表1显示,2组年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组烟酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、情绪控制、意识水平、就诊时间、血压控制、大便平均时间间隔等因素比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.2 2组临床资料比较 2组再出血、脑积水、局灶体征、脑膜刺激征、癫痫样发作、脑血管痉挛、颅内动脉瘤、CT-Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级等因素比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表1 2组一般资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of general data of two groups
一般资料 |
分类 |
预后良好组(n=59) |
预后较差组(n=38) |
χ2/t值 |
P值 |
性别 |
男 |
31(52.54) |
21(55.26) |
0.149 |
0.699 |
|
女 |
28(47.46) |
17(44.74) |
|
|
年龄 |
<60岁 |
40(67.80) |
29(76.32) |
1.803 |
0.179 |
|
≥60岁 |
19(32.20) |
9(23.68) |
|
|
烟酒史 |
是 |
46(77.97) |
21(55.26) |
11.595 |
0.001 |
糖尿病史 |
是 |
40(67.80) |
19(50.00) |
6.544 |
0.011 |
高血压史 |
是 |
42(71.19) |
20(52.63) |
7.304 |
0.006 |
情绪控制 |
是 |
56(94.92) |
16(42.11) |
64.642 |
0.000 |
意识水平 |
无意识障碍 |
49(83.05) |
20(52.63) |
21.207 |
0.000 |
|
有意识障碍 |
10(16.95) |
18(47.37) |
|
|
就诊时间 |
<12 h |
53(89.83) |
24(63.16) |
19.779 |
0.000 |
|
≥12 h |
6(10.17) |
14(36.84) |
|
|
血压控制 |
收缩压(mmHg) |
138.09±24.35 |
149.72±20.03 |
2.456 |
0.016 |
|
舒张压(mmHg) |
82.69±13.46 |
89.71±12.68 |
2.564 |
0.012 |
大便平均 |
1~2d |
52(88.14) |
21(55.26) |
26.639 |
0.000 |
时间间隔 |
3~4d |
7(11.86) |
17(44.74) |
|
|
表2 2组临床资料比较 [n(%)]
Table 2 Comparison of clinical data between two groups [n(%)]
临床资料 |
分类 |
预后良好组(n=59) |
预后较差组(n=38) |
χ2值 |
P值 |
再出血 |
是 |
4(6.78) |
9(23.68) |
11.061 |
0.001 |
脑积水 |
是 |
6(10.17) |
11(28.95) |
11.208 |
0.001 |
局灶体征 |
是 |
4(6.78) |
8(21.05) |
8.499 |
0.004 |
脑膜刺激征 |
是 |
5(8.47) |
10(26.32) |
11.087 |
0.001 |
癫痫样发作 |
是 |
6(10.17) |
9(23.68) |
6.491 |
0.011 |
脑血管痉挛 |
是 |
5(8.47) |
13(34.21) |
19.735 |
0.000 |
颅内动脉瘤 |
是 |
7(11.86) |
12(31.58) |
11.436 |
0.001 |
CT-Fisher分级 |
Ⅰ~Ⅱ级 |
53(89.83) |
22(57.89) |
26.419 |
0.000 |
|
Ⅲ~Ⅳ级 |
6(10.17) |
16(42.11) |
|
|
Hunt-Hess分级 |
Ⅰ~Ⅱ级 |
55(93.22) |
20(52.63) |
41.722 |
0.000 |
|
Ⅲ~Ⅴ级 |
4(6.78) |
18(47.37) |
|
|
2.3 影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后的多因素分析 情绪控制、意识水平、血压控制、再出血、Hunt-Hess分级是影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后主要因素。见表3。
表3 影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后的多因素分析
Table 3 Multivariate analysis of the prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with low T3 syndrome
因素 |
回归系数 |
标准误 |
Wald值 |
OR值 |
情绪控制 |
0.76 |
0.25 |
4.826 |
4.18 |
意识水平 |
0.59 |
0.26 |
7.019 |
1.43 |
血压控制 |
1.46 |
0.27 |
26.185 |
4.36 |
再出血 |
2.19 |
0.43 |
28.741 |
8.96 |
Hunt-Hess分级 |
1.27 |
0.19 |
53.243 |
3.79 |
3 讨论
蛛网膜下腔出血的发生年龄50~60岁[26]。蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征是临床常见的一种危急重症,发病后患者常伴随再出血、脑血管痉挛等多种并发症,严重影响患者的预后。蛛网膜下腔出血引起的脑损伤分为两个阶段。早期脑损伤表现为患者的神经学分级,这是由短暂的全身缺血和蛛网膜下腔出血的毒性作用引起的[27-28]。脑出血直接破坏脑组织是另一个因素[27]。蛛网膜下腔出血的独特之处在于脑损伤的延迟期,其中1/3患者在出血后3~14 d出现迟发性脑缺血所致的迟发性神经功能恶化[29]。迟发性脑缺血的病理生理机制包括血管造影迟发性血管痉挛、自身调节受损、微血栓形成、毛细血管转运时间异质性和皮质播散性缺血[29-32]。国内外研究证实,蛛网膜下腔出血后患者运动神经元可能受到损伤,从而导致偏瘫,部分患者可能出现运动功能模式异常的情况。低T3综合征也被命名为非甲状腺疾病综合征,其特征是血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和(或)甲状腺素(T4)水平下降,而甲状腺刺激素(TSH)水平却没有增加,通常伴升高的反向T3(Rt3)[16,33-34]。PEARSON等[35]研究指出,低T3综合征主要是由于外周5’-脱碘酶作用异常所导致,该作用受到抑制后会降低活性,从而使T4向T3转化减少,但此时外周5’-脱碘酶活性正常,则会使得T4向T3转化相对增加。低T3综合征被认为涉及甲状腺轴中央和外周的改变[36]。有人认为,严重疾病后T3水平下降是由于T4至T3的外周转换减少或甲状腺激素周转增加所致[37-38]。结合相关文献报道可知,低T3综合征是一种严重非甲状腺的系统性疾病,可以理解为临床上正常甲状腺而有异常甲状腺功能改变的一种综合征。
对于蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者来说,了解影响其预后的主要因素,并针对性进行治疗,可有效改善患者预后。研究报道,再出血是影响该类患者预后的主要因素之一,早期死亡的主要原因包括在修复前动脉瘤的最初蛛网膜下腔出血和再出血引起的脑损伤。3~14 d时间间隔的死亡通常是由于重新出血、医疗并发症、迟发性脑缺血或在因时间而未能改善或发生妨碍功能恢复的并发症的患者中退出治疗所致[39-40]。再出血对预后的负面影响提示早期动脉瘤修补应改善预后。指南建议应尽快或在72 h内对所有受影响最严重的病人进行这一手术[8,41]。针对再出血,需要进行镇静止痛治疗,且患者在生活中应注意控制自身情绪,避免激动,引发出血。此外,TARNOKI等[42]研究指出,针对于蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者血压的控制以<140/90 mmHg为最理想状态,因此临床治疗中可根据患者病情适当给予降血压治疗。可改变的蛛网膜下腔出血的危险因素包括吸烟、高血压控制情绪和过量饮酒,这些因素几乎都是个别风险的2倍,而较弱的保护作用则与经常锻炼和增加胆固醇有关[43-45]。这些因素对已知的未破裂动脉瘤破裂风险的影响是不同的,并在长期随访的未破裂动脉瘤患者队列中进行了研究。这些研究中,最重要的破裂因素是高血压、年龄、可能是日本或芬兰裔、较大的动脉瘤、特殊的动脉瘤位置、不规则的动脉瘤形状[46-48]。具有家族史的动脉瘤的患者可能具有增加的破裂风险,但这种假设基于有限的数据[49-50]。
近年来,有学者提出Hunt-Hess分级也是影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征的主要因素之一。Hunt-Hess分级是一种反映机体脑膜刺激症强弱、神经功能缺损程度的评分标准,一般来说,该分级级别越高,患者病情越严重,再出血的概率也更高。本研究已证实情绪控制、意识水平、血压控制、再出血、Hunt-Hess分级是影响蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者预后的主要因素,符合其研究结果。本研究中,2组烟酒史、糖尿病史、高血压史、情绪控制、意识水平、就诊时间、血压控制、大便平均时间间隔等因素,以及再出血、脑积水、局灶体征、脑膜刺激征、癫痫样发作、脑血管痉挛、颅内动脉瘤、CT-Fisher分级、Hunt-Hess分级等因素比较差异均有统计学意义。从侧面反映出患者临床症状越严重,则预后越差,反之临床症状越轻微,则预后越好。
蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征患者在临床治疗以及康复过程中,应积极控制自身血压,有效预防再出血,提高生存质量,改善自身预后。诊断和管理涉及急诊和普通医师、神经内科专家、神经危重病护理专家、介入神经放射学专家和神经外科专家,因此需要多学科协作才能取得最佳的预后结果。
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(收稿2018-11-11 修回2018-12-10)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:钟红,杨阳,荆婧,苗旺.蛛网膜下腔出血合并低T3综合征与GOS的关系[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(24):2669-2675.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.558
Reference information:ZHONG Hong,YANG Yang,JING Jing,MIAO Wang.Relationship between subarachnoid hemorrhage with low T3 syndrome and GOS[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(24):2669-2675.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.558