目的 探讨显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2013-07—2017-05郑州市第一人民医院36例基底节区高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路在显微镜下开颅清除血肿,术后早期在神经重症监护室监护,控制血压、神经营养及后期康复治疗。结果 36例患者均顺利完成手术,术后次日复查头颅CT示脑内血肿清除理想。术后患者死亡3例(7.14%),其中2 例死于脑疝所致脑干功能衰竭,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭。术后6个月进行日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评定,Ⅰ级7 例,Ⅱ级14 例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级4 例,Ⅴ级1 例。结论 经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血能安全有效清除血肿,对脑组织损伤小,止血较为彻底,病人恢复满意。
显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血临床分析
王向阳1) 郭电渠1) 韩 冰1) 王新厂1) 刘文彬1) 付旭东2)
1)郑州市第一人民医院神经外科,河南郑州 450004 2)郑州大学第五附属医院神经外科,河南郑州 450052
基金项目:河南省教育厅科技重点项目(编号:17A310031)
作者简介:王向阳,Email:wxy2005256@126.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2013-07—2017-05郑州市第一人民医院36例基底节区高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路在显微镜下开颅清除血肿,术后早期在神经重症监护室监护,控制血压、神经营养及后期康复治疗。结果 36例患者均顺利完成手术,术后次日复查头颅CT示脑内血肿清除理想。术后患者死亡3例(7.14%),其中2 例死于脑疝所致脑干功能衰竭,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭。术后6个月进行日常生活能力(activities of daily living,ADL)评定,Ⅰ级7 例,Ⅱ级14 例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级4 例,Ⅴ级1 例。结论 经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血能安全有效清除血肿,对脑组织损伤小,止血较为彻底,病人恢复满意。
【关键词】 高血压脑出血;外侧裂-岛叶入路;基底节;颅脑损伤;显微手术
【中图分类号】 R743.34 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)24-2731-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.569
Experience of microsurgical operation in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia
WANG Xiangyang1),GUO Dianqu1),HAN Bing1),WANG Xinchang1),LIU Wenbin1),FU Xudong2)
1)Department of Neurosurgery,First People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou,Zhengzhou 450004,China;2)Department of Neurosurgery,the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China
【Abstract】 Objective To explore the curative effects of microsurgical clearance for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed based on the clinical data of 36 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia from July 2013 to May 2017.All patients were treated with transsylvian microsurgery,including Early postoperative care in the NICU,control of blood pressure,neurotrophy,and later rehabilitation treatment.Results All the 36 cases of operation were successful.Re-examination of head CT scans on the first postoperative day showed Intracerebral hematoma was completely removed,Three patients died after operation (7.14% ):2 patients died of cerebral hernia caused by brainstem function failure,1 patient died of multiple organ failure. The ADL grade assessment 6 months after operation showed gradeⅠ in 7 cases,grade Ⅱ in 14 cases,grade Ⅲ in 10 cases,grade Ⅳ in 4 cases,and grade Ⅴ in 1 case.Conclusion The transsylvian-transinsular microsurgery is a safe and effective surgical approach for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia.and has advantages of little brain tissue damage,good haemostatic results,and satisfactory efficacy
【Key words】 Hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage;Lateral transsylvian-transinsularapproach;Basal ganglia;Craniocerebral injury;Microsurgery
高血压脑出血( hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,HICH)是脑实质内的自发性出血[1-4]。HICH起病急,进展快,内科保守治疗疗效欠佳,是原发性高血压病人的主要死亡原因。对于颅内大量血肿(幕上出血量>30 mL,幕下出血量>10 mL,中线移位>5 mm,环池及侧裂池消失)、或伴梗阻性脑积水、严重颅高压甚至脑疝患者,需立即行手术治疗。有条件的医院可将脑出血重症患者收住专门的卒中单元或NICU[3,5-9]。
大脑半球深部的基底节区是高血压脑出血最常见的部位。目前对以基底节区为代表的深部脑内血肿进行手术已成为常规[10-14]。随着显微神经外科的发展,解剖外侧裂已成为神经外科医师必须掌握的重要技能之一,目前微侵袭神经外科治疗技术在基底节区高血压脑出血的治疗中逐渐成为主流[15-18]。本文回顾性分析2013-07—2017-05采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路显微手术治疗的基底节区高血压脑出血患者临床资料。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 本组36例基底节区高血压脑出血患者,男23例,女13例;年龄25~75岁,其中25~30岁患者3例,1例既往有甲亢史。所有患者急诊行头颅CT检查(图1),必要时行CT血管造影检查,表现为单纯基底节区血肿18例,基底节区合并丘脑血肿8例,基底节区血肿破入脑室10例。出血量(按多田公式计算)40~80 mL,中线结构移位超过5 mm。所有患者术前有不同程度的偏瘫,一侧瞳孔散大8例,双侧瞳孔散大5例,昏迷20例。术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分<6分9例,6~10分27例。
1.2 手术方法 所有患者行经口气管插管全麻,采取常规额颞手术切口(翼点或扩大翼点)入路,在颅骨钻孔时快速静滴甘露醇250 mL,采用过度换气以降低颅内压。游离骨瓣开颅,尽量咬除蝶骨嵴,放射状剪开硬脑膜,以更好地显露外侧裂。显微镜下打开外侧裂蛛网膜,释放脑脊液后分离外侧裂,用脑棉保护好周围的动静脉血管,避开大脑中动脉M2段分支,达岛叶表面。可见岛叶皮层向外膨隆,电凝切开岛叶皮层进入血肿腔,牵拉脑组织要轻柔,用小号或中号吸引器按先软后硬、先中心后四周的顺序清除血肿,至基本显露周围正常脑组织,避免遗漏血肿,镜下寻找破裂出血的豆纹动脉,给予彻底止血,止血方式采用电凝方式或明胶海绵压迫止血,若合并脑血管异常,给予一并切除。若术前出血量较大或并发脑疝者,行去骨瓣减压,骨窗大小约10 cm×12 cm,硬膜扩大修补减张缝合,本组有30例行去骨瓣减压。对于术前出血量不是很大、未发生脑疝者,术中清除血肿后若颅内减压非常充分,经综合评估后可考虑骨瓣复位,避免再次手术颅骨修补。本组6例术后给予骨瓣复位,硬膜外留置引流管一根,常规关颅。
1.3 术后处理 术后所有患者保留气管插管在神经重症监护室监护,常规应用镇静药物,控制血压,应用脱水降颅内压、神经营养,防治应激性溃疡等药物对症治疗,应用抗生素预防感染,特别是肺部感染,加强肺部护理,适时拔除气管插管。注意心、肾功能,维持水电解质酸碱平衡。术后次日常规复查头颅CT(图2),及时掌握血肿清除情况及脑水肿程度,以指导进一步治疗。术后昏迷时间长的患者均行气管切开术。部分患者术后留置腰大池引流,保持每天引流血性脑脊液150~250 mL,约10 mL/h,适时拔除腰大池引流管。待患者病情允许后及时转出监护室,入神经外科普通病房治疗,及早进行神经康复治疗。
图1 患者女,25岁,术前昏迷 图2 术后次日复查
Figure 1 Female patient,25 years old,preopera-tive coma Figure 2 The next day after surgery
2 结果
术后复查CT示血肿清除比较满意,术后并发肺部感染22例,其中气管切开14例,颅内感染4例,泌尿系统感染6例。存活33例,死亡3例(7.14%):2 例死于脑疝所致脑干功能衰竭,1例死于多脏器功能衰竭。术后6个月ADL分级:Ⅰ级(能够完全恢复日常生活工作能力)7 例,Ⅱ级(部分恢复正常生活能力或可以独立进行家庭生活,但不能参加工作)14 例,Ⅲ级(家庭生活需要他人的帮助)10例,Ⅳ级(卧床不起,但意识清楚)4 例,Ⅴ级(植物生存)1 例。
3 讨论
随着社会的发展和人们生活水平的不断提高,过去十年世界范围内高血压脑出血患者增加约18%[19-25],且趋于年轻化,目前手术治疗是高血压脑出血的有效和必要的方法[26-30],但临床治疗方式的选择存在争议,各有其优缺点[31-32]。选择合适的手术方式治疗高血压脑出血,对降低残疾率和提高患者的生活质量非常必要。目前常用的手术入路有经颞叶入路和经外侧裂-岛叶入路[33],也有钻孔血肿穿刺引流术、少数经额中回入路[34]和神经内镜下经额下回入路手术[35]治疗高血压脑出血的报道。
外科手术的目的是及早清除脑内血肿,降低颅内压力,改善脑循环和阻断血肿的继发性损害[36]。微创钻孔血肿穿刺引流术操作简单方便、费用低廉、脑组织创伤小,但对于脑深部大量出血效果不理想,减压不充分,有时仍需要再次手术开颅清除血肿;通过置入血肿腔的引流管多次注入纤溶药物使残余的血凝块进一步液化排出,置管时间长,可增加颅内感染的机会及诱发颅内再出血等;尤其不适合脑出血后病情尚不稳定的患者。神经内镜下清除高血压脑出血目前尽管在不少地市级医院尝试应用,但该术式对于巨大血肿形成脑疝者不宜[37]。传统常规开颅颞叶入路清除血肿,较难找到和控制出血动脉,有时加重对周围脑组织的损伤。
1972年,SUZUKI和SATO[37]第一次介绍了经岛叶途径行基底节区血肿清除术,但由于此处有丰富的外侧裂静脉和大脑中动脉分支,手术风险较大,同时因当时的手术器械设备落后等社会原因,使该手术方式未得到广泛的认可和开展。高血压脑出血在脑表面的投影多以外侧裂为中心,经外侧裂-岛叶入路进行显微手术最为理想。本组病例全部采用经外侧裂-岛叶入路在显微镜下开颅清除血肿。此入路具有以下优势:(1)缩短了从大脑皮质切口到血肿的距离,以最短的路径清除血肿,血肿清除较为彻底,止血充分[15],能降低对周围脑组织的刺激及额颞叶正常脑组织的损伤;(2)通过解剖外侧裂释放脑脊液降低颅内压,减少脑组织损伤;(3)可充分利用脑组织自然间隙进行手术,避免重要功能区的损伤[16];(4)便于处理动脉瘤或血管畸形出血,基底节区的血肿,绝大部分为高血压脑出血,但也有因脑血管异常引起的出血,本组病例中2例合并有动静脉畸形,显微镜下正确辨认并彻底切除血管畸形,减少了再出血的可能;(5)容易找到并控制出血动脉,降低术后再出血发生率。高血压脑出血多由豆纹动脉因粟粒状微动脉瘤破裂出血所致,在显微镜下清除血肿,可避免盲目电凝,减少脑损伤。
另外,通过分析本组病例,体会如下:(1)建议采取大骨瓣开颅,尤其出血量较大及并发脑疝者;(2)分离外侧裂的操作要轻柔,注意保护好侧裂的静脉以及大脑中动脉的分支,避免误伤电凝,造成脑梗死及加重脑水肿;(3)破裂出血的豆纹动脉一般位于血肿的前内侧,显微镜下清除血肿时,要注意在血肿前内侧寻找并控制出血动脉;(4)对于术前出血量不是很大,未发生脑疝者,术中清除血肿后若颅内减压非常充分,经过综合评估后可考虑骨瓣复位,避免再次手术颅骨修补。
采用开颅经外侧裂-岛叶入路在显微镜下清除基底节区出血,能有效清除颅内血肿,对脑组织、血管损伤小,止血较为彻底,再出血率低,具有较高安全性。
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(收稿2018-11-23 修回2018-12-03)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:王向阳,郭电渠,韩冰,王新厂,刘文彬,付旭东.显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血临床分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(24):2731-2735.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.569
Reference information:WANG Xiangyang,GUO Dianqu,HAN Bing,WANG Xinchang,LIU Wenbin,FU Xudong.Experience of microsurgical operation in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglia[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(24):2731-2735.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.569