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重症脑出血患者术后早期综合护理

作者 / Author:王闪闪 郑 蔚 邢 伟 李爱敏 王文涛

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨重症脑出血患者术后实施早期综合护理的临床效果。方法 选择郑州大学第二附属医院2015-01—2017-12收治的268例重症脑出血去骨瓣减压术后患者,随机分为实验组和对照组各134例。实验组在实施常规治疗的基础上实施早期综合护理,分析2组治疗前后的临床效果。结果 实施早期综合护理后,实验组有效率明显增高,肢体和语言功能评分及生活质量评分较对照组均有显著改善(P<0.05)。结论 对于重症脑出血患者术后尽早实施早期综合护理,能有效促进患者恢复,改善其生活质量。

关键词 / KeyWords:

重症脑出血,去骨瓣减压术,早期综合护理,康复,预后
重症脑出血患者术后早期综合护理
王闪闪 郑 蔚 邢 伟 李爱敏 王文涛
郑州大学第二附属医院,河南郑州 450014
作者简介:王闪闪,Email:wss6020302@126.com
通信作者:郑蔚,Email:zw112689zy@sina.com
摘要 目的 探讨重症脑出血患者术后实施早期综合护理的临床效果。方法 选择郑州大学第二附属医院2015-01—2017-12收治的268例重症脑出血去骨瓣减压术后患者,随机分为实验组和对照组各134例。实验组在实施常规治疗的基础上实施早期综合护理,分析2组治疗前后的临床效果。结果 实施早期综合护理后,实验组有效率明显增高,肢体和语言功能评分及生活质量评分较对照组均有显著改善(P<0.05)。结论 对于重症脑出血患者术后尽早实施早期综合护理,能有效促进患者恢复,改善其生活质量。
关键词】 重症脑出血;去骨瓣减压术;早期综合护理;康复;预后
中图分类号】  R473.74    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)24-2755-05  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.573
Early comprehensive nurse in postoperative patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage
WANG ShanshanZHENG WeiXING WeiLI AiminWANG Wentao
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450014,China
Abstract  Objective  To investigate the clinical effect of early comprehensive nurse in patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage.Methods  268 decompressive craniectomy patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage selected were enrolled in the study from January 2015 to December 2017.They were randomly divided into experimental group and control group,all of which were 134 cases.The patients in experimental group were performed early comprehensive nurse on the basis of routine treatment,and the clinical effects of the two groups were analyzed before and after treatment.Results  After the implementation of early comprehensive nurse,the clinical effective rate of the experimental group was significantly increased,and the limb and language function and quality of life were significantly improved compared with the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion  Early comprehensive nurse in patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage can effectively promote recovery and improve patients' life quality.
Key words】  Severe cerebral hemorrhage;Decompressive craniectomy;Early comprehensive nurse;Rehabilitation;Prognosis
        脑出血为中老年患者常见的致残原因之一,重症脑出血患者发病率和致残率极高,临床表现为失语、偏瘫、癫痫发作、心理障碍等症状,对患者及其家庭的生活质量造成极大影响[1-2]。研究表明,对重症脑出血患者去骨瓣减压术后应尽早采取综合护理,促进患者的语言和肢体功能康复,影响患者的预后[3-5]
1  资料与方法
1.1  一般资料 选择郑州大学第二附属医院2015-01—2017-12收治的268例重症脑出血术后患者为研究对象,随机分为实验组和对照组各134例。实验组男81例,女53例,年龄41~89(58.74±6.97)岁,失语58例,右侧偏瘫37例,左侧偏瘫33例;对照组男69例,女65例,年龄43~87(60.54±6.58)岁,失语62例,右侧偏瘫34例,左侧偏瘫36例。两组患者在性别构成、年龄构成、失语比例、肢体偏瘫类型等方面的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.2  早期综合护理  2组患者均采用常规治疗,实验组实施早期综合护理。
1.2.1  心理护理:大部分的重症脑出血患者,在去骨瓣减压术后仅有部分患者保持意识清醒,但往往合并有失语、肢体偏瘫等。这类患者对于自身病情不能接受,极易出现绝望、焦虑、对生活丧失信心等不良情绪,拒绝配合进一步的治疗。所以,医护人员在严密观察患者病情变化的同时,需要用心体会患者的心理及情绪波动,及时给予有效的关心、鼓励和支持[6-7]
1.2.2  体位护理:当患者取不同体位时需要针对性选择合适的护理措施。例如:当为患者选择健侧卧位时,为了保持患者身体的稳定,需要在患者躯干的前后分别放置一个高枕,使其双侧充分达到平衡;当为患者选择仰卧位时,患者的患侧肩下需要放置软枕,上臂伸直外展达到45°,腕关节保持背曲位手掌展开,使手指关节伸直;患侧膝部下方需要放置软枕保持膝关节处于微曲状态;同时为患者尽量配制丁字鞋,防止长时间出现足下垂情况。在临床工作中,需要对患者每2 h更换一次体位,减轻患者的关节僵直,防止长期卧床出现压疮[8-9]
1.2.3  营养治疗:需要根据患者的实际病情,尽早开展肠内营养支持治疗,针对性的帮助患者制定有效的营养支持方案,在达到每日需要补充的总热量的同时,注意增加高维生素、易消化的食物。在喂养过程中需要注意抬高床头,防止误吸。对于留置鼻胃管或鼻肠管的患者避免一次补充过量,导致消化不良[10-12]
1.2.4  康复治疗:依照最新的治疗指南,康复治疗能够有效改善患者的预后。当患者的生命体征稳定后,应该尽早开展床旁康复训练,针对患者的病情制定合适的康复训练计划。对于能配合的动作指导患者进行主动的肢体训练;对于不能配合的动作协助进行被动的康复训练。在实际的康复训练中,需要由小幅度开始、循序渐进,先健侧再患侧,先大关节再小关节,同时拍打、按摩肌肉,帮助患者恢复肌力。要求患者自行或其家属协助进行康复治疗,每天坚持锻炼3~5次,每次坚持训练20~30 min,促进患者的恢复[13-16]
1.2.5  语言治疗:部分的重症脑出血术后患者会丧失语言功能。对于此类的失语患者,我们在进行心理护理的同时,需要指导其尽早开始进行吞咽及咀嚼训练,锻炼舌头的伸缩功能。同时针对其实际病情,制定合适的语言训练计划。从单纯的音节开始,到词、句,鼓励患者多说多练。同时根据其兴趣,通过看电视、听广播等多种途径去接受新事物,引导其认人、认物,最终实现对话交流,该过程十分枯燥及繁琐,所以医务人员及家属要保持足够的耐心,并充分鼓励患者进行语言表述,促进患者语言功能的康复[17-19]
1.3  疗效观察 治疗6个月后对2组患者进行评价
1.3.1  临床疗效评价:应用NIHSS量表对神经功能缺损程度进行评价。量表包括忽视证、语言、构音障碍、共济失调、感觉、面瘫、意识、说明、上下肢运动、凝视等。总分0~36分,分值越高表明患者神经功能缺损程度越重。依此作为临床效果的评价标准,分为三个等级:神经功能缺损程度评分减少46%以上为显效;减少18%~46%有效;减少<18%为无效[20]。总有效=有效+显效。
1.3.2  肢体功能康复评价:为测评患者的上肢和下肢的肢体功能康复状况,选用简氏FMA评价法测评。其中上肢33项,共66分,下肢7项,共34分,总分100分。<50分为严重运动障碍,50~84分为明显运动障碍,85~95分为中度运动障碍,96~99分为轻度运动障碍[21]
1.3.3  语言功能康复判定标准:为判定患者的语言功能,选用汉语标准失语症检查表(中康法)进行评价。检查前,通过问患者一些基本问题,了解患者的一般言语状况;测评内容包括听、复述、说、出声读、阅读、抄写、描写、听写、计算等9部分,共30题,100分。>80分为良好,属于流利型;60~80分为中等,属中间型;<60分为差,属于不流利型。根据检查结果,总结记录言语症状[22]
1.3.4  生活质量评价:为评估患者的生活质量,利用生活质量核心量表(QQL-C30)评估,其包括生活能力、心理状况、躯体功能和认知能力四个方面的内容,测评结果的分值越高表示患者的生活质量越好[23]
1.4  统计学方法 采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,计数资料采用百分数(%)表示,2组间的比较采用t检验或χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2  结果
2.1  2组临床效果比较  见表1。
2.2  2组治疗前后康复情况比较  2组肢体和语言功能治疗前比较无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗后实验组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3  2组生活质量评分比较 实验组生活质量评分明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1  2组临床效果比较  [n(%)]
Table 1  Comparison of clinical effects of 2 groups  [n(%)]
组别 n 显效 有效 无效 总有效率/%
实验组 134 63(47.01) 39(29.10) 32(23.88) 76.12
对照组 134 26(19.40) 58(43.28) 50(37.31) 62.69
χ2         5.693
P         0.017
表2  2组治疗前后肢体和语言康复情况比较  (x±s)
Table 2 Comparison of limb and language rehabilitation before and after treatment in 2 groups  (x±s)
组别 n 治疗前   治疗后
肢体功能 语言功能   肢体功能 语言功能
实验组 134 46.98±5.38 39.67±5.18   87.69±6.54 78.36±5.96
对照组 134 50.83±4.92 42.38±6.14   60.45±7.31 51.47±6.58
t   -0.936 -0.854   13.996 13.989
P   0.358 0.396   0.031 0.036
表3  2组治疗后生活质量评分比较  (x±s)
Table 3 Comparison of quality of life scores after treatment in 2 groups  (x±s)
组别 n 生活能力 认知能力 心理状况 躯体功能
实验组 134 63.85±5.16 65.79±5.64 38.96±2.74 58.74±3.76
对照组 134 50.74±4.57 40.79±4.93 28.56±2.16 41.58±2.38
t   10.379 12.263 6.763 9.547
P   0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
3  讨论
        重症脑出血多起病突然,进展迅速,致残率高,往往从急性期起即表现出不同程度的肢体、语言功能障碍[24-26]。尽早实施综合干预治疗是重症脑出血患者救治的关键环节,可以明显改善预后[27-29]。研究表明,对于重症脑出血术后患者,当生命体征稳定时应该尽早进行康复及训练语言训练,能够有效改善患者的肢体运动功能,明显提高患者的语言表达能力,大大提高患者的生活质量,改善其长期预后[30-32]。因此,当重症脑出血患者,在进行去骨瓣减压术后,一旦生命体征稳定,需要积极进行早期综合护理,全面干预。
        此类患者多突然发病,其对自身的实际病情不能接受,出现消极、悲观、恐惧等不良情绪,进一步对其身心造成伤害,同时在治疗过程中也会因偏瘫、语言障碍等症状导致其逐渐丧失成功治疗的信心,极大的降低了其治疗依从性[33-35]。同时,患者突发疾病往往对其家属也造成很大的心理冲击,所以,治疗患者的同时也应重视其家属的教育工作[36-38]。医护人员应积极采取早期综合护理,帮助患者定时变换体位、局部按摩以及擦洗身体等,做好患者皮肤和体位护理工作,预防压疮等各类并发症[39-40]。另外,还应重视饮食管理,以清淡的流质或半流质食物为主,摄入足量的新鲜蔬菜、水果。尽早开展运动及语言的康复,通过手势、纸面书写或其他动作方式进行交流,给予患者安抚和鼓励,增强其治疗的信心,为患者提供全面的恢复训练[41-44]。本研究显示,重症脑出血患者治疗过程中,尽早开展早期综合护理能够明显改善患者的预后,显著改善其生活质量,与既往研究结果相符[45]
        本研究显示,通过早期对患者进行早期综合护理治疗,实验组患者肢体和语言功能评分及生活质量均较治疗前有显著改善(P<0.05),能有效促进肢体及语言功能的恢复,显著提高生活质量,改善预后。
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(收稿2018-07-25 修回2018-10-30)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:王闪闪,郑蔚,邢伟,李爱敏,王文涛.重症脑出血患者术后早期综合护理[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(24):2755-2759.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.573

Reference information:WANG Shanshan>,ZHENG Wei>,XING Wei>,LI Aimin>,WANG Wentao.Early comprehensive nurse in postoperative patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage[J]>.Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases>,2018>,21(24)>:2755-2759.DOI>:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.573

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