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脑卒中吞咽障碍患者护理安全指标的建立及应用

作者 / Author:贾 蕊

摘要 / Abstract:

目的 探讨专科质量指标设置在神经内科吞咽障碍患者护理质量管理中的作用。方法 建立吞咽障碍患者护理安全评价指标,主要包括吞咽障碍评估、安全进食要素、护理文书记录质量、护理交接班。运用专科指标对神经内科吞咽障碍患者进行护理质量控制,定期分析数据并进行持续改进。结果 护理指标开始实施时(2017-06)和实施半年后(2017-12),吞咽障碍患者首次评估准确率分别为92.31%和95.45%;动态评估及时率分别为88.74%和96.73%;吞咽障碍患者进食正确率分别为62.68%和90.32%,护理文书记录合格率分别为90.00%和97.50%;护理交接班书写合格率分别为87.50%(35/40)和92.50%(37/40)。结论 专科指标的建立能使吞咽障碍患者的管理的规范化、标准化,提高神经内科吞咽障碍患者的护理质量,为持续改进疼痛护理质量提供数据和事实依据,有助于提高吞咽障碍护理的管理水平。

关键词 / KeyWords:

脑卒中,吞咽障碍,护理安全指标,护理质量,护理管理
脑卒中吞咽障碍患者护理安全指标的建立及应用
贾 蕊
河南医学高等专科学校附属医院,河南新郑 451191
作者简介:贾蕊,Email:412620744@qq.com
摘要 目的 探讨专科质量指标设置在神经内科吞咽障碍患者护理质量管理中的作用。方法 建立吞咽障碍患者护理安全评价指标,主要包括吞咽障碍评估、安全进食要素、护理文书记录质量、护理交接班。运用专科指标对神经内科吞咽障碍患者进行护理质量控制,定期分析数据并进行持续改进。结果 护理指标开始实施时(2017-06)和实施半年后(2017-12),吞咽障碍患者首次评估准确率分别为92.31%和95.45%;动态评估及时率分别为88.74%和96.73%;吞咽障碍患者进食正确率分别为62.68%和90.32%,护理文书记录合格率分别为90.00%和97.50%;护理交接班书写合格率分别为87.50%(35/40)和92.50%(37/40)。结论 专科指标的建立能使吞咽障碍患者的管理的规范化、标准化,提高神经内科吞咽障碍患者的护理质量,为持续改进疼痛护理质量提供数据和事实依据,有助于提高吞咽障碍护理的管理水平
关键词】 脑卒中;吞咽障碍;护理安全指标;护理质量;护理管理
中图分类号】  R473.74    【文献标识码】  A    【文章编号】  1673-5110(2018)24-2776-05  DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.577
Establishment and application of nursing safety index for stroke patients with dysphagia
JIA Rui
Henan Medical College Affiliated HospitalXinzheng 451191,China
Abstract  Objective  To explore the role of specialist quality indicators in the quality management of nursing patients with dysphagia in neurology.Methods  The nursing quality evaluation index research method was used to establish nursing safety evaluation indicators for patients with dysphagia,including dysphagia assessment,safe eating factors,quality of nursing records,and nursing handover classes.The four aspects of the specialist indicators are used to manage the quality of care for neurological dysphagia,to implement inspection and supervision,to regularly analyze data and to carry out continuous quality improvement.Results  When the nursing indicators were implemented (2017-06) and after half a year (2017-12),the first-time assessment accuracy of patients with dysphagia was 92.31% and 95.45%,respectively;the dynamic assessment timely rate was 88.74% and 96.73%,respectively;dysphagia The correct rate of food intake was 62.68% and 90.32%,respectively,and the pass rate of nursing records was 90.00% and 97.50%,respectively;the pass rate of nursing handover was 87.50% (35/40) and 92.50% (37/40),respectively.Conclusion  The implementation of nursing safety indicators for patients with dysphagia can standardize and standardize the nursing work of dysphagia,improve the quality of care for patients with dysphagia in neurology,provide data and factual basis for continuous improvement of pain care quality,and help improve dysphagia care management level.
Key words】Stroke;Dysphagia;Nursing safety indicators;Quality of care;Nursing management
        吞咽障碍是脑卒中后常见的功能障碍,是导致脑卒中后患者死亡和影响功能恢复的重要原因之一[1-5]。研究显示,卒中后吞咽障碍发生率22%~65%[6-11]。医护人员准确给予患者吞咽功能评估,并给予针对性的干预措施,能有效降低因吞咽障碍导致的并发症发生率,改善患者预后[12-16]。以往护理质量评价体系较少涉及吞咽障碍相关内容,缺乏标准化的专科护理质量评价指标,不能充分体现神经内科专科特点,对临床护理实践工作缺乏针对性指导。2017-06河南医学高等专科学校附属医院神经内科建立脑卒中吞咽障碍患者专科护理质量安全指标,效果显著。
1  吞咽障碍患者专科护理质量指标的确立
1.1  文献分析 检索数据库,包括CBM、中国知网、维普、万方等。关于吞咽障碍患者进食安全管理方面的文献,发表时限2009-01—2016-12,关键词为脑卒中、吞咽障碍、进食、护理质量、评价指标。报道吞咽障碍患者进食护理质量指标的文献0篇。报道吞咽障碍患者进食管理中存在的常见问题主要包括:①针对急性脑卒中患者,未制订标准的卒中后吞咽功能筛查评估流程;②评估-干预-效果评价的程序未能有效实施,特别是吞咽障碍的标准化评估存在差异性;③临床多采用吞咽障碍患者是否发生误吸评价管理效果,缺乏环节过程质量评价;④对住院脑卒中吞咽障碍患者未进行持续的动态评估。
1.2  指标的确立 成立质量管理小组,成员主要包括由1名学部护士长、1名科室护士长、2名护理组长、1名护理学硕士研究生。查阅国际医疗卫生机构认证联合委员会(JCI)评审标准、《三级综合医院评审标准(2011年版)》,《卒中患者吞咽障碍和营养管理中国专家共识》及《BNC脑血管病临床指南》,结合临床工作需要,将脑卒中吞咽障碍患者专科指标内涵归纳如下。
1.2.1  吞咽障碍的筛查:采用洼田饮水试验进行初步评估,主要包括首次评估和动态评估,首次评估必须在入院后6 h内完成,责任护士于每周一、周四对患者的吞咽功能进行动态评估,直至患者吞咽功能经洼田饮水试验评估Ⅰ级以下,及时给予患者饮食指导。
1.2.2  安全进食的要素:经过查阅文献,咨询相关专家,结合临床经验,将患者安全进食的要素归纳为食物形状、进食器具、进食体位、进食环境、进食方法。并将进食五要素制作提醒标识放于患者床头。
1.2.3  护理文书记录质量:包括护理文书记录是否全面、准确、动态。全面、准确指无缺项、完整,符合患者病情、格式符合要求;动态指责任护士于周一、周四是否对患者进行吞咽功能再评估,病情变化时及时评估,记录给予患者护理措施,评价实施措施后的效果。
1.2.4  护理交接班:护理交接班包括晨会交接、床旁交接及书面交接,每日由大夜班护士汇报病区吞咽障碍患者,主班护士将吞咽障碍患者洼田饮水试验结果及患者选择的进食方式记录到护理交接班事项本。
1.3  衡量指标  (1)吞咽障碍患者首次评估完整率=统计周期内抽查吞咽障碍评估完整人数/统计周期内抽查评估患者吞咽功能总人数╳100%。(2)吞咽障碍患者动态评估率=统计周期内吞咽障碍患者动态评估正确人数/统计周期内抽查吞咽障碍总人数╳100%。(3)吞咽障碍患者经口进食正确率=统计周期内患者经口正确进食人次数/统计周期内患者进口进食总人次数╳100%。(4)吞咽障碍患者交接班合格率=统计周期内护理交接班文书书写正确次数/统计周期内护理交接班书写的总次数╳100%。(5)护理文书记录正确率=统计周期内护理文书书写正确病例数/统计周期内吞咽障碍患者总病例数×100%。
2  培训与落实
        针对制订的吞咽障碍患者专科护理质量指标,护士长组织全体护理人员进行培训。对全体护理人员进行统一培训洼田饮水试验的具体评定方法,首次评估及动态评估的时机、评估工具的选择、健康指导应包含的标准化内容等。将经口进食及鼻饲法的流程及注意事项逐一演示讲解。每名护士进行操作,保证每位护理人员掌握标准,落实规范。将脑卒中吞咽障碍患者窒息的应急预案作为新入职护士的考核项目。制定床头摇高量角器,在30°、45°、60°的刻度上重点标记,提醒护士和家属床头抬高的位置。修订明确了护理交接班本的书写要求,要求必须注明患者的床号、姓名、进食方式,吞咽功能分级。对于吞咽功能差又拒绝管饲的患者及时与医生沟通并进行重点交接。通过培训及以上措施配合,促进了专科护理质量指标的落实与推进。
3  质量控制
        科室成立质量控制小组,成员2-3名,质控组成员每日对科室现有的吞咽障碍患者的进食情况进行抽查,内容主要包括:护理文书是否准确记录患者入院时吞咽功能首次筛查情况,责任护士动态评估情况,经口进食患者的方法是否正确,健康教育的知晓情况,责任护士是否给予针对性的进食指导。并将上述检查内容详细记录在科室专科护理指标评估表上。
        质量管理小组成员定期对评估数据进行统计分析,利用PDCA方法不断进行质量持续改进。同时,针对各科室专科护理质量指标落实情况,三级护理质量控制小组成员定期进行督导检查,以保障专科指标有效运转。
4  结果
        自2017-06开始实施,实施半年后(2017-12),吞咽障碍患者首次评估准确率分别为92.31%和95.45%;动态评估及时率分别为88.74%和96.73%;吞咽障碍患者经口进食正确率分别为62.68%和90.32%,护理文书记录合格率分别为90.00%和97.50%;护理交接班书写合格率分别为87.50%和92.50%。
5  讨论
5.1  吞咽障碍护理安全指标改变了原有吞咽障碍评价方式 衡量护理质量一个最重要的环节是确定评价指标,而目前临床护理工作缺乏专科质量指标,护理管理者凭借经验开展护理工作,使专科护理内涵提升较慢,临床护理质量处于不稳定[17-22]。环节质量的控制是确保护理质量的重要手段,目前已经得到更多管理者的重视[23-30]。吞咽障碍患者安全进食的管理涉及到多个环节。通过建立吞咽障碍患者护理安全指标,能有效观察吞咽障碍患者首次评估率及动态评估率的情况,动态反映患者吞咽功能的变化情况,科学动态地反映护理质量管理的基础、过程、与结果,实现多角度全面评价吞咽障碍护理质量,起到导向作用[31-35]
5.2  吞咽障碍患者护理安全指标的建立实现了管理的标准化 本研究将吞咽障碍患者的4项质量指标纳入日常工作内容,这些指标起到规范护理人员工作流程,工作内容的作用,使护理人员提供的针对性护理不再是经验式的,有助于及时发现吞咽障碍患者护理管理中存在的问题,实现管理的标准化。同时,护士能将患者相关信息及时准确反馈给主管医生,为其提供第一手临床科研资料,评价干预的效果[36-38]
6  建议
        建立科学的合理的专科护理评价指标,使评价标准更适应“以患者为中心”的管理模式,以进一步提高临床护理质量[39-41]。本研究通过构建专科质量指标,针对卒中后吞咽障碍患者管理取得一定效果,但目前仅限于在神经内科病房使用,有一定的局限性。需要进一步扩大样本量,检验指标的灵敏度,更好的对卒中后吞咽障碍患者实施标准化的管理。 
7  参考文献
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(收稿2018-07-15 修回2018-10-05)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:贾蕊.脑卒中吞咽障碍患者护理安全指标的建立及应用[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(24):2776-2780.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.577

Reference information:JIA Rui.Establishment and application of nursing safety index for stroke patients with dysphagia[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(24):2776-2780.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.24.577

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