目的 对比评价椎动脉起始部重度狭窄的治疗方案及临床预后。 方法 观察对象为东莞市人民医院神经内科2016-08—2017-08治疗的60例椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者,经单双号分组方法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组患者接受药物治疗,观察组给予支架成形术治疗,对比2组血管狭窄情况、神经功能缺损情况,分析2组血管闭塞发生率、新发脑梗死发生率以及短暂性脑缺血发作发生率,记录观察组椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生率。 结果 观察组患者治疗前血管狭窄率及NIHSS评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后2组血管狭窄率和NIHSS评分与治疗前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后血管狭窄率以及NIHSS评分均明显较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组血管闭塞发生率和新发脑梗死发生率均明显低于对照组,且观察组短暂性脑缺血发作发生率亦明显较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组患者椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生率26.67%。结论 椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者接受支架成形术治疗的临床疗效优异,可缓解血管狭窄程度,促进患者神经功能改善,具有较高的安全性,但该术式具有较高的再狭窄发生率。
椎动脉起始部重度狭窄的治疗方案选择及临床预后对比
罗根培 李润雄 吴志强
东莞市人民医院神经内科,广东 东莞 523000
作者简介:罗根培,Email:13412332332@163.com
【摘要】 目的 对比评价椎动脉起始部重度狭窄的治疗方案及临床预后。 方法 观察对象为东莞市人民医院神经内科2016-08—2017-08治疗的60例椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者,经单双号分组方法分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组患者接受药物治疗,观察组给予支架成形术治疗,对比2组血管狭窄情况、神经功能缺损情况,分析2组血管闭塞发生率、新发脑梗死发生率以及短暂性脑缺血发作发生率,记录观察组椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生率。 结果 观察组患者治疗前血管狭窄率及NIHSS评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后2组血管狭窄率和NIHSS评分与治疗前相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗后血管狭窄率以及NIHSS评分均明显较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组血管闭塞发生率和新发脑梗死发生率均明显低于对照组,且观察组短暂性脑缺血发作发生率亦明显较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组患者椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生率26.67%。结论 椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者接受支架成形术治疗的临床疗效优异,可缓解血管狭窄程度,促进患者神经功能改善,具有较高的安全性,但该术式具有较高的再狭窄发生率。
【关键词】 椎动脉起始部重度狭窄;后循环脑卒中;支架成形术;血管狭窄;再狭窄;新发脑梗死
【中图分类号】 R743 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)01-0012-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.003
Treatment plan selection and clinical prognosis evaluation of severe spinalstenosis at the beginning of vertebral artery
LUO Genpei,LI Runxiong,WU Zhiqiang
Department of Neurology,Dongguan People’s Hospital,Dongguan 524000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To compare and evaluate the treatment scheme selection and clinical prognosis of severe vertebral arterystenosis.Methods Sixty patients with severe stenosis of the vertebral artery at the Department of Neurology,Dongguan People's Hospital from Aug.2016 to Aug.2017 were enrolled.The patients were divided into the control group and the observation group by single and double grouping,30 cases in each group.Patients in the control group received drug therapy,and the observation group received stent angioplasty.The vascular stenosis and neurological deficits were compared between the two groups.The incidence of vascular occlusion,the incidence of new cerebral infarction,and the incidence of transient ischemic attack were analyzed.The incidence of restenosis at the beginning of the vertebral artery in the observation group was recorded.Results There was no significant difference in the preoperative stenosis rate and NIHSS score between the observation group and the control group (P>0.05).The difference between the two groups of vascular stenosis rate and NIHSS score was statistically significant(P<0.05);the stenosis rate and NIHSS scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).The incidence of vascular occlusion and the incidence of new cerebral infarction in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group.The incidence of transient ischemic attack was also significantly lower in the group than in the control group (P<0.05).The incidence of vertebral artery restenosis was 26.67% in the observation group.Conclusion The clinical efficacy of stenting in patients with severe spinal artery stenosis is excellent,which can relieve the degree of vascular stenosis and promote the improvement of neurological function in patients.
【Key words】 Severe stenosis at the beginning of vertebral artery;Posterior circulation stroke;Stenting;Vascular stenosis;Restenosis;New cerebral infarction
后循环脑卒中在全部脑卒中当中的占比为25%左右,临床20%左右的后循环脑卒中患者的发病原因为椎动脉起始部出现粥样硬化狭窄或闭塞,首次发病后,5 a内再发脑卒中风险在25%以上[1-2]。椎动脉狭窄可在颅外或颅内任何位置发生,受血流动力学紊乱影响,椎动脉起始部有动脉粥样硬化形成,且该病导致后循环缺血性脑卒中的概率较高[3-4]。目前临床针对椎动脉起始部狭窄治疗方案的选择仍然有较大争议,有部分学者认为给予椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者常规药物治疗难以获得肯定的临床疗效,而支架成形术的疗效可观,但患者术后极易有脑出血、血管痉挛以及支架再狭窄的情况,其治疗安全性遭受临床部分学者的质疑[5-7]。随着研究不断的深入,有研究指出,血管内介入治疗具有较高的成功率,且该术式可以明显控制病情,降低病死率,因此在临床中应用频率较高[8-11]。本文比较不同治疗方案治疗椎动脉起始部重度狭窄的临床疗效以及患者的临床预后,旨在为临床选择方案提供参考。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 选取2016-08—2017-08东莞市人民医院治疗的椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者60例为观察对象,采用单双号分组的方式分为对照组和观察组。对照组30例,男19例,女11例;年龄45~73(63.37±4.62)岁;依据患者的临床症状,13例表现为发作性眩晕,12例为双眼发作性黑蒙,2例为猝倒症,3例为小脑性共济失调发作。观察组30例,男21例,女9例;年龄46~75(63.46±4.65)岁;其中发作性眩晕11例,双眼发作性黑蒙13例,猝倒症3例,小脑性共济失调发作3例。
纳入标准:椎动脉起始部狭窄70%及以上者;对侧椎动脉发育不良或对侧椎动脉闭塞合并存在者;同动脉狭窄相关的后循环缺血症状表现,且开展内科规范化治疗以后仍无效者;至少存在一个及以上动脉粥样硬化危险因素者;凝血功能正常者[12]。
剔除标准:无完整随访资料的患者;完成研究之前由于前循环梗死或者其他疾病出现残疾或死亡的患者;无法耐受本次研究中相关药物的患者;椎动脉起始段迂曲程度过大,不适合开展支架成形术治疗的患者;预计存活1 a以下者;可能合并心源性栓塞者;有严重肝脏疾病、肾脏疾病及心脏疾病,且病情可对研究结果产生影响者。
2组性别、年龄以及临床症状比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法 对照组患者接受药物治疗,首先,需要对疾病的危险因素进行控制,即帮助患者戒烟戒酒,对体质指数进行控制,同时需要对血脂水平、血压水平以及血糖水平进行规范性控制;其次,阿司匹林100 mg/d口服,氯吡格雷75 mg/d口服,使用他汀类药物以稳定斑块和降血脂,饭后服用阿托伐他汀10 mg/d,1次/d;患者接受为期6个月的阿司匹林与氯吡格雷联合治疗以后,可开展氯吡格雷单药继续治疗或阿司匹林单药继续治疗。
观察组患者接受支架成形术,择期手术患者手术开展前需要服用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林,用药剂量分别为75 mg/d和100 mg/d,均连续服用3~5 d后安排手术治疗;急诊手术治疗患者术前阿司匹林和氯吡格雷服用剂量均为300 mg/d,术前6 h禁食水准备,完善常规术前检查,手术过程中及手术结束后密切监测生命体征。仰卧位,完成常规消毒准备后,使用浓度为2%的10 mL利多卡因局部麻醉;利用改良Seldinger技术开展经股动脉穿刺治疗,取规格合适的动脉鞘置入,随后取4 000 U肝素经静脉注射以获得全身肝素化效果,在动脉鞘引导下将引导管置入锁骨下动脉,取0.36 mm微导丝经过狭窄段穿过狭窄处4 cm,将球囊扩张式支架经椎动脉远端平直处沿着导丝送入至狭窄处血管位置,对安置位置进行观察,满意以后开展加压操作,直至额定压力后释放;释放支架以后,需即刻开展DSA检查,同时需要对支架的位置和动脉狭窄情况进行仔细观察,结合残余狭窄的具体情况,必要的情况下可开展球囊扩张治疗;术后对部分凝血活酶时间进行常规监测,结合具体情况使用鱼精蛋白中和肝素,经5 h左右的观察后拔除动脉鞘,对生命体征进行密切观察,并对围手术期相关并发症展开积极的预防和治疗干预[13-14]。
1.3 观察指标 (1)观察并统计2组椎动脉起始部重度狭窄患者的血管狭窄和神经功能缺损情况(NIHSS评分),得分越高则患者的神经功能缺损程度越严重。(2)分析2组患者的血管闭塞、新发脑梗死和短暂性脑缺血发作发生情况。(3)统计观察组患者治疗后1 a椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生情况。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 20.0处理数据,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以百分率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 2组血管狭窄情况与神经功能受损情况 表1显示,2组治疗前血管狭窄率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);出院后1 a,对照组血管狭窄率明显较治疗前提升,而观察组血管狭窄率则明显较治疗前下降,且明显低于对照组(P<0.05);2组治疗前NIHSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);出院后1 a对照组NIHSS评分明显较治疗前提升,观察组NIHSS评分则明显较治疗前下降,与对照组相比明显较低(P<0.05)。
2.2 2组血管闭塞发生率、新发脑梗死发生率、短暂性脑缺血发作发生率比较 表2显示,与对照组相比,观察组血管闭塞、新发脑梗死以及短暂性脑缺血发作发生率均明显较低,P<0.05。
2.3 观察组治疗方案的安全性 观察组患者治疗1 a后开展DSA复查,8例出现椎动脉起始部再狭窄的情况,其椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生率26.67%。
3 讨论
椎动脉起始部发生狭窄或阻塞为导致后循环缺血性脑血管疾病发生的重要诱因,且此类患者通常具有较高的脑卒中再发风险[15]。目前临床主要通过手术与用药方式治疗椎动脉起始部重度狭窄,其中药物治疗主要包含抗血小板治疗、控制疾病相关危险因素以及降脂、稳定斑块治疗等,但由于患者的血管狭窄程度较为严重,单纯给予其药物治疗的临床疗效欠佳[16-18]。由表1与表2数据可知,对照组患者出院后1 a血管狭窄情况和神经功能缺损程度均进一步加剧,且患者发生血管闭塞和短暂性脑缺血、新发脑梗死的概率较高,说明单纯采用内科用药方式治疗椎动脉起始部重度狭窄的临床疗效欠佳[19-21]。目前临床治疗经动脉狭窄的金标准手术方式即为内膜剥脱术,但该术式应用于椎动脉狭窄治疗当中仍然缺乏充分的证据,且受条件因素和经验因素的限制,其临床普及应用难度极大[22-23]。
近年来,随着临床研究不断深入以及医疗水平进一步发展,椎动脉起始部重度狭窄的治疗中血管内支架成形术治疗逐渐受神经科临床医生的重视,该术式具有较高的成功率,且围手术期患者的并发症较少[24-25]。本次研究中观察组患者接受支架成形术治疗后,其血管狭窄和神经功能缺损情况均获得明显改善,且患者发生脑血管相关不良事件的概率较低,复查发现,患者术后1 a有较高的椎动脉起始部再狭窄发生率[26-27]。椎动脉自身的特征同再狭窄发生率较高间有较为明显的关联性,且支架选择是否合理亦同再狭窄的发生有密切关联[28];此外,患者术后有不良生活习惯以及血糖、血压及血脂水平是否控制不得当等情况均可导致再狭窄[29-30]。开展该术式时,手术医生需选择适合的支架,规范操作,术后患者需保持良好的生活习惯,积极预防相关疾病,以降低再狭窄的发生率。
表1 2组治疗前与出院后1 a血管狭窄率与NIHSS评分对比 (x±s)
Table 1 Comparison of vascular stenosis rate and NIHSS score before and after treatment of 2 groups (x±s)
组别 |
n |
血管狭窄率/% |
|
NIHSS评分(分) |
治疗前 |
出院后1 a |
|
治疗前 |
出院后1 a |
对照组 |
30 |
85.68±4.58 |
88.64±5.17 |
|
3.62±1.01 |
4.93±1.75 |
观察组 |
30 |
85.79±4.62 |
11.65±2.92 |
|
3.59±1.04 |
1.26±0.18 |
t值 |
|
0.093 |
71.02 |
|
0.113 |
11.426 |
P值 |
|
0.927 |
0.001 |
|
0.910 |
0.001 |
表2 2组血管闭塞、新发脑梗死和短暂性脑缺血发作发生情况比较 [n(%)]
Table 2 Comparison of vascular occlusion,new-onset cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack in patients with severe stenosis at the beginning of vertebral artery [n(%)]
组别 |
n |
血管闭塞发生率 |
新发脑梗死发生率 |
短暂性脑缺血发作发生率 |
对照组 |
30 |
1(3.33) |
1(3.33) |
2(6.67) |
观察组 |
30 |
8(26.67) |
8(26.67) |
10(33.33) |
χ2值 |
|
6.405 |
6.405 |
6.667 |
P值 |
|
0.011 |
0.011 |
0.020 |
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(收稿2018-12-02)
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