目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)与缺血性脑白质疏松症(LA)、血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及叶酸、维生素B12水平的相关性。方法 采用简易智能状态量表(mini-mental state examation,MMSE)检查患者的认知功能,根据MMSE评分和AD的诊断标准收集病例,共收集AD患者60例,正常对照组64例。通过头颅MRI检查筛选LA病例,AD伴LA者36例,无LA的AD患者24例;对照组无LA 40例,伴LA的正常对照组24例;用化学免疫发光法测定2组血浆同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平,同时检测所有受试者的血压、血糖、血脂、体重指数、教育情况等。结果 与对照组比较,AD组血浆同型半胱氨酸升高(P<0.05),叶酸和维生素B12水平下降(P<0.05);通过应用R×C资料的卡方检验得出AD组与对照组脑白质疏松发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.010);对AD组脑白质疏松和认知障碍程度进行Spearman相关性分析得出,AD组认知障碍程度与脑白质疏松程度呈正相关(rs=0.430,P=0.010)。结论 高Hcy可能参与AD的发病,而LA发生加重了认知功能损伤,适当补充叶酸和维生素B12可有助于改善痴呆患者的临床症状。
阿尔茨海默病与脑白质疏松 血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的相关性研究
袁树华 崔传举 李艾帆
郑州市第一人民医院,河南 郑州 450000
作者简介:袁树华,Email:857278906@qq.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)与缺血性脑白质疏松症(LA)、血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及叶酸、维生素B12水平的相关性。方法 采用简易智能状态量表(mini-mental state examation,MMSE)检查患者的认知功能,根据MMSE评分和AD的诊断标准收集病例,共收集AD患者60例,正常对照组64例。通过头颅MRI检查筛选LA病例,AD伴LA者36例,无LA的AD患者24例;对照组无LA 40例,伴LA的正常对照组24例;用化学免疫发光法测定2组血浆同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平,同时检测所有受试者的血压、血糖、血脂、体重指数、教育情况等。结果 与对照组比较,AD组血浆同型半胱氨酸升高(P<0.05),叶酸和维生素B12水平下降(P<0.05);通过应用R×C资料的卡方检验得出AD组与对照组脑白质疏松发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.010);对AD组脑白质疏松和认知障碍程度进行Spearman相关性分析得出,AD组认知障碍程度与脑白质疏松程度呈正相关(rs=0.430,P=0.010)。结论 高Hcy可能参与AD的发病,而LA发生加重了认知功能损伤,适当补充叶酸和维生素B12可有助于改善痴呆患者的临床症状。
【关键词】 阿尔茨海默病;同型半胱氨酸;脑白质疏松;认知功能;叶酸;维生素B12
【中图分类号】 R749.1+3 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)01-0056-04 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.011
Correlation between Alzheimer's disease and leukoaraiosis plasma homocysteine levels
YUAN Shuhua,CUI Chuanju,LI Aifan
Zhengzhou First People's Hospital,Zhengzhou 450000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemic leukoaraiosis (LA),plasma homocysteine (Hcy),folic acid and vitamin B12 levels.Methods The cognitive function of the patients was examined by mini-mental state examination (MMSE).The cases were collected according to the MMSE score and the diagnostic criteria of AD.A total of 60 AD patients and 64 normal controls were collected.LA cases were screened by cranial MRI,36 cases of AD with LA,24 cases of AD without LA,40 cases of LA without control,and 24 cases of normal control group with LA;two groups of plasma homogenized half were determined by chemical immunoluminescence method The levels of cystine,folic acid,and vitamin B12 were measured simultaneously for blood pressure,blood sugar,blood lipids,body mass index,and educational status of all subjects.Results Compared with the control group,plasma homocysteine was elevated in AD group (P<0.05),and folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were decreased (P<0.05).The chi-square test using R×C data showed that AD group was compared.There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of leukoaraiosis in the control group (P=0.010).The Spearman correlation analysis of the degree of leukoaraiosis and cognitive impairment in the AD group showed that the degree of cognitive impairment in the AD group was positively correlated with the degree of leukoaraiosis (rs=0.430,P=0.010).Conclusion High Hcy may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD,and LA may aggravate cognitive impairment.Appropriate supplementation of folic acid and vitamin B12 may help to improve the clinical symptoms of patients with dementia.
【Key words】 Alzheimer's disease;Homocysteine;Leukoaraiosis;Cognitive function;Folic acid;Vitamin B12
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)即老年性痴呆,是以进行性记忆力减退为特征的神经系统变性疾病,确切病因尚不完全清楚[1]。脑白质疏松(leukoaraiosis,LA)是较为常见的脑白质病变,多累及脑室周围或皮层下脑白质,可发生在AD、皮层下动脉硬化性脑病、血管性认知障碍、一氧化碳中毒及部分正常老年人等[2-3]。阿尔茨海默病本质上是一种血管病变[4]。本研究旨在探讨AD与脑白质疏松、同型半胱氨酸及叶酸、维生素B12的关系,为进一步认识AD提供线索。
1 资料与方法
1.1 入选标准 符合美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中-老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会(NINCDS-ADRDA)临床诊断标准[5-6],并结合我国DSM-Ⅳ关于AD的诊断标准[7];对于LA的筛选,由3名以上影像医师完成头颅MRI检查并确认是否存在LA,该影像学医师不参与试验的其他部分;取得患者同意参与试验并由本人或直系亲属签署知情同意书。
1.2 排除标准 有明确卒中史或经头颅影像学检查证实存在大血管闭塞导致的大面积缺血灶、诊断或怀疑血管性痴呆患者、恶性肿瘤、肝肾功能不全、严重营养不良者;近1个月内服用影响血浆Hcy水平的药物者,如避孕药、抗癫痫药物、多巴胺类药物、叶酸和(或)维生素12等。
1.3 一般资料 选取2014-01—2016-01在郑州市第一人民医院住院治疗AD患者60例,男38例,女22例,经头颅MRI检查证实存在LA患者36例。选取同期门诊无认知功能下降患者64例。对照组性别、年龄及相关基础疾病与AD组基本匹配,男40例,女24例,经头颅MRI检查证实存在LA患者24例。
1.4 认知功能的检测 使用MMSE[8]对所有研究对象进行认知功能评分,根据评分分为3个级别,满分30分,>26分为正常,20~26分为轻度认知功能障碍,10~19分为中度认知功能障碍,<9分为重度认知功障碍,MMSE在相应教育程度分值以下为痴呆(文盲17分,小学文化20分,初中以上文化24分)。
1.5 同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平检测 抽取清晨空腹静脉血3 mL,置于含2%乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)10 mL的一次性试管中,4 ℃冰箱保存,1 h内以3 000 r/min的速度离心10 min,分离出血浆,-20 ℃冰箱保存成批待测。应用荧光偏振免疫分析法(FPIA)测定血浆Hcy浓度,微粒子酶免分析法(MELA)测定血浆叶酸、维生素B12浓度。
1.6 LA损害程度的判定 采用改良FAZEKAS等[4]提出的白质改变评分量表在FLAIR序列上的实施,按照0~3级的标准分别给出侧脑室(PVWLMS)、深部白质(DWMLS)的评分。PVWLMS评分标准:0:无病灶;1:局限性病灶;2:病灶散在或开始融合;3:弥漫累及整个侧脑室前角、后角及体部,伴或不伴u纤维受累。DWMLS评分标准:0:无病灶;1:病灶呈斑点状;2:病灶开始融合;3:病灶呈较大的不规则融合。斑点状:病灶最大直径<5 mm;不规则融合:病灶最大直径>10 mm。
1.7 统计学方法 应用SPSS 19.0统计学软件分析数据。计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 2组同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平比较AD组血浆同型半胱氨酸水平较对照组明显升高,叶酸、维生素B12水平较对照组明显下降(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 2组脑白质疏松发生情况比较 与对照组相比,AD组脑白质疏松发生率较高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.010)。见表2。
2.3 AD组认知障碍程度与LA程度相关性分析 认知障碍程度与LA程度呈正相关(rs=0.430,P=0.010)。见表3。
表1 2组同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B12水平比较 (x±s)
Table 1 Comparison of homocysteine,folic acid,and vitamin B12 levels of two groups (x±s)
组别 |
n |
Hcy(μmol/L) |
叶酸(μg/L) |
维生素B12(ng/L) |
对照组 |
64 |
10.52±2.42 |
26.3±5.3 |
407.4±213.5 |
AD组 |
60 |
20.73±3.43 |
16.23±5.7 |
267.5±205.5 |
表2 2组脑白质疏松发生情况比较 [n(%)]
Table 2 Comparison of the occurrence of leukoaraiosis in 2 groups [n(%)]
组别 |
n |
LA |
0分 |
1分 |
2分 |
3分 |
对照组 |
64 |
24 |
40(62.5) |
18(28.1) |
4(6.3) |
2(3.1) |
AD组 |
60 |
36 |
24(40.0) |
12 (20.0) |
18(30.0) |
6 (10.0) |
表3 认知障碍程度与LA程度相关性分析
Table 3 Correlation between the degree of cognitive impairment and LA degree
认知损伤程度 |
LA分级 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
轻度 |
10 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
中度 |
7 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
重度 |
4 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
3 讨论
AD的病因至今仍未明确,CLARKE等[10]经过尸检证实AD病人血浆Hcy水平较年龄相仿的老年人升高;KRUMAN等[11-12]研究发现AD患者在发病之前Hcy就有升高。本研究显示,与对照组相比,AD组血浆Hcy水平明显升高,叶酸、维生素B12水平明显下降,提示高Hcy和AD密切相关,与相关研究[13-14]一致。
近年较多研究表明,高Hcy能促进AD的发生,但具体机制尚不清楚。机体在内因或外因影响下,引起叶酸或维生素B12缺乏和同型半胱氨酸积聚,影响甲硫氨酸代谢更新,导致细胞内DNA断裂,而引起基因突变和细胞凋亡[2,15-17]。另外,有研究表明,高Hcy血症通过诱导内质网应激蛋白的表达,促进APP前体蛋白过度表达,使脑内Aβ含量增加及加剧Aβ的神经毒性作用[18-20]。
近年来,部分研究者提出AD的发病机制可能与血管性因素有关[21-23],其中脑白质疏松(LA)是较常见缺血型脑白质病,其主要影响脑室周围白质,破坏了与认知活动相关的记忆、情感及行为的神经纤维联系,因此,LA能导致认知功能障碍。本研究表明,AD中LA的发病率是对照组的2倍,提示LA与认知障碍有关,与相关研究[24-26]一致。本研究通过对AD组进行相关性分析发现,脑白质损害程度与认知障碍呈正相关,其中LA损害越严重认知功能影响越大[27-29]。基于上述结果,考虑与脑白质血管解剖有关,脑白质主要是终末动脉垂直分支供血,吻合支和侧支循环较少,影响脑白质血流量调节,导致对缺血较敏感。
高HCy可能参与了AD发病,而LA加重了认知功能的损害,但高HCy和LA在AD中的具体发病机制尚需进一步研究,适当补充叶酸、维生素B12水平可能有助于改善AD患者的认知功能。
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(收稿2018-10-29)
本文责编:夏保军
本文引用信息:袁树华,崔传举,李艾帆.阿尔茨海默病与脑白质疏松 血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的相关性研究[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(1):56-59.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.011
Reference information:YUAN Shuhua,CUI Chuanju,LI Aifan.Correlation between Alzheimer's disease and leukoaraiosis plasma homocysteine levels[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(1):56-59.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.01.011