目的 探讨不宁腿综合征(restless legs syndrome,RLS)与皮层下脑梗死的关系。方法 选取2017-12-2018-10于福建医科大学附属第二医院神经内科住院的首次确诊为脑梗死病人407例。按脑梗死前有无RLS分为脑梗前RLS组及脑梗前无RLS组,按脑梗死位置分为皮层下梗死组及非皮层下梗死组。分别比较危险因素、临床和影像学特征。结果 单因素比较分析提示,发病前有RLS组皮层下梗死的发生率明显高于脑梗前无RLS组(80.49% vs 32.24%,P<0.001),其他方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。皮层下梗死组与非皮层下梗死组相比,在梗死前出现RLS、高血压史、高脂血症、吸烟史等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,脑梗死前出现RLS与皮层下梗死密切相关(OR=2.122,P=0.045)。结论 脑梗死前出现不宁腿综合征的患者皮层下梗死的发生率较高。
不宁腿综合征与皮层下脑梗死的相关性分析
李弥弥 林化松 陈雅芳 叶励超
福建医科大学附属第二医院神经内科,福建 泉州 362000
作者简介:李弥弥,Email:277232925@qq.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨不宁腿综合征(restless legs syndrome,RLS)与皮层下脑梗死的关系。方法 选取2017-12-2018-10于福建医科大学附属第二医院神经内科住院的首次确诊为脑梗死病人407例。按脑梗死前有无RLS分为脑梗前RLS组及脑梗前无RLS组,按脑梗死位置分为皮层下梗死组及非皮层下梗死组。分别比较危险因素、临床和影像学特征。结果 单因素比较分析提示,发病前有RLS组皮层下梗死的发生率明显高于脑梗前无RLS组(80.49% vs 32.24%,P<0.001),其他方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。皮层下梗死组与非皮层下梗死组相比,在梗死前出现RLS、高血压史、高脂血症、吸烟史等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,脑梗死前出现RLS与皮层下梗死密切相关(OR=2.122,P=0.045)。结论 脑梗死前出现不宁腿综合征的患者皮层下梗死的发生率较高。
【关键词】 脑梗死;不宁腿综合征;皮层下梗死;非皮层下脑梗死;缺血性脑血管病
【中图分类号】 R742.89;R743 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)02-0139-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.027
Correlation between restless legs syndrome and subcortical cerebral infarction
LI Mimi,LIN Huasong,CHEN Yafang,YE Lichao
Department of Neurology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University,Quanzhou 362000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the relationship between Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and subcortical cerebral infarction.Methods A total of 407 patients with cerebral infarction were enrolled in the Department of Neurology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from December 2017 to October 2018.According to the presence or absence of RLS before cerebral infarction,the RLS group before cerebral infarction and the RLS group before cerebral infarction were divided into subcortical infarction group and non-subcortical infarction group according to the location of cerebral infarction.Risk factors,clinical and imaging features were compared.Results Univariate comparison analysis showed that the incidence of subcortical infarction was significantly higher in patients with RLS before onset than in patients without RLS before cerebral infarction (80.49% vs 32.24%,P<0.001),but there was no difference in other aspects (P>0.05).Compared with the non-cortical infarction group,the subcortical infarction group had differences in RLS,history of hypertension,hyperlipidemia,and smoking history(P<0.05).After multivariate logistic regression analysis,RLS was associated with subcortical infarction before cerebral infarction (OR=2.122,P=0.045).Conclusion The incidence of subcortical infarction is higher in patients with restless legs syndrome before cerebral infarction.
【Key words】 Acute ischemic stroke;Restless legs syndrome;Subcortical stroke;No-subcortical stroke;Ischemic cerebrovascular disease
不宁腿综合征(restless legs syndrome,RLS)是一种神经感觉运动障碍疾病,与睡眠障碍相关[1-2]。该病由英国学者WILLIS于1672年首次报道,1945年由瑞典学者EKBOM进行系统总结并首次全面描述,又称Ekbom综合征[3]。RLS的患病率3%~4%[4-5],且随年龄增大而升高[6-7],欧美人的患病率大于亚洲人[8-11]。
RLS与卒中有许多相同的危险因素[12-14],许多长期随访及横断面临床研究发现,RLS可能增加心脑血管疾病的风险[15-18],也有许多病例报道表明,卒中前发生RLS可能与随后发生卒中有密切关系[19-21],特别是皮层下卒中[22-24]。本文对RLS与皮层下脑梗死的关系进行探讨。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 本研究采取横断面研究,选取2017-12-2018-10于福建医科大学附属第二医院神经内科住院的首次确诊为脑梗死的病人。RLS依据中华医学会神经病学分会帕金森及运动障碍学组2009修订的诊断标准[25]。皮层下梗死指基底节区、丘脑、放射冠部位的梗死。收集上述人群的一般临床资料,影像学资料及实验室检查。
1.1.1 入选标准:①符合脑梗死诊断标准,参照2014年中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南的诊断标准[26],并经头颅CT或MRI检查证实;②首次发病,病程<7 d;③可以配合既往病史的调查,病人及家属可以清楚地描述既往病史。
1.1.2 排除标准:①发病前有其他神经功能疾病,如癫痫或神经变性、遗传疾病;②意识障碍(GCS评分<15分);③认识功能障碍;④因失语等情况无法交流;⑤不能或不愿配合检查;⑥原发性RLS;⑦可能导致继发性RLS的其他疾病,如肾功能不全、缺铁性贫血、恶性肿瘤、帕金森病、自身免疫性疾病等。
1.2 相关因素定义 吸烟史指未戒烟或戒烟时间<6个月,每日吸烟量>5支,持续超过12个月。体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为体质量除以身高平方。
1.3 统计学分析 采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据分析。对服从或近似服从正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间采用单因素方差分析进行组间比较,两组间采用独立样本t检验。计数资料以阳性例数和构成比表示,采用卡方检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析。结果用OR值及95%可信区间表示。
2 结果
共407例入选(男330例,女77例),41例(33个男33例,女8例)脑梗死前出现RLS。根据脑梗死前出现RLS与否分为脑梗死前RLS组及脑梗死前无RLS组。2组年龄、性别、BMI、高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟史等方面无显著差异。脑梗死前RLS组中皮层下梗死的发病率明显高于脑梗死前无RLS组(P<0.001)。见表1。脑梗死前RLS组29例(70.73%)不宁腿症状出现卒中的患侧。
根据脑梗死的部位分成皮层下梗死组及非皮层下梗死组,2组年龄、性别、BMI、冠心病、糖尿病方面差异无统计学意义,高血压史、高脂血症、吸烟史、梗死前RLS方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。以皮层下梗死作为应变量,以高血压、高脂血症、吸烟史、脑梗死前出现RLS作为自变量,行多因素Logistic回归分析发现,脑梗死前出现RLS与皮层下梗死密切相关(OR=2.122,P=0.045),脑梗死前出现不宁腿综合征的患者皮层下梗死的发生率较高。见表3。
3 讨论
近年来不宁腿综合征与脑血管病关系的研究受到较大的关注。一些研究也表明,未治疗的RLS可以明显增加卒中的风险[27-31]。本研究中,RLS在脑梗死病人中发生率较高(12.5%),与MEDEIROS等[32]研究相符。本文发现,皮层下梗死组与非皮层下梗死组比较,发病前出现RLS的比例明显较高,RLS的患侧常与脑梗死的患侧一致,提示RLS与脑梗死有密切的关系。经过Logistic回归分析,发病前出现RLS与皮层下梗死的发生率呈正相关,是预测皮层下梗死的重要因素。
目前,原发性不宁腿综合征的病理生理机制尚不明确[33-34]。研究表明,RLS与多巴胺能神经元损害及代谢异常密切相关,特别是中枢神经系统非黑质-纹状体系统多巴胺神经元损害[35-36]。EARELEY等[37]发现,与对照组相比,RLS病人尾状核和豆状核中多巴胺和纹状体多巴胺受体的含量均减少。EARELEY等[38]运用11C-raclopride PET发现多巴胺受体结合电位数量及多巴胺转运受体的减少。
ELWOOD等[39-40]对1 874例老年男性的大规模前瞻性的临床试验中发现,RLS的发生率与脑卒中的风险相关(OR=1.67,P=0.024)。SILVERIA等[41-42]运用头颅MRI进行长期随访研究发现,RLS本身不是卒中的危险因素,但如果在有卒中危险因素的人群中,确为卒中的危险因素。大部分皮层下梗死的病存在颅内血管的动脉粥样硬化,基底节区供血不足,可能导致多巴胺代谢的异常,因此在脑梗死就有可能出现RLS[43-46]。卒中发生前出现RLS病人处于低多巴胺的状态[47],脊髓运动神经元过度激活[48-50],神经交感活性的增加,也容易导致卒中的发生[51-52]。
本研究存在许多不足:(1)诊断RLS主要是依据发生卒中后病人及家属提供病史,会导致回忆误差。(2)样本量不足,且本研究仅包括福建医科大学附属第二医院的病人,缺乏广泛代表性。(3)本文未选取健康人作为对照组,故有必要在非卒中人群中进行多中心、大样本、前瞻性、长期的队列随访研究证实在有危险因素的人群中,存在不宁腿综合征是否更容易发生皮层下梗死。尽管本研究存在许多缺点与不足,但也提示脑梗死前出现不宁腿综合征与皮层下梗死有密切关系,脑梗死前出现不宁腿综合征的患者皮层下梗死的发生率较高。
表1 脑梗死前RLS组与脑梗死前无RLS组比较
Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects with and without RLS
因素 |
脑梗死前RLS(n=41) |
脑梗死前无RLS(n=366) |
P值 |
年龄/岁(x±s) |
58.23±9.63 |
55.61±13.16 |
0.56 |
性别(男)[n(%)] |
33(80.49) |
297(81.14) |
0.92 |
BMI(x±s) |
23.65±5.33 |
23.67±5.29 |
0.96 |
高血压[n(%)] |
29(70.73) |
223(60.92) |
0.22 |
冠心病[n(%)] |
3(7.31) |
47(12.84) |
0.31 |
糖尿病[n(%)] |
13(31.70) |
99(27.05) |
0.53 |
吸烟[n(%)] |
18(43.90) |
158(43.16) |
0.93 |
高脂血症[n(%)] |
16(39.02) |
148(40.43) |
0.86 |
皮层下梗死[n(%)] |
33(80.49) |
118(32.24) |
<0.001 |
表2 皮层下梗死组与非皮层下梗死组临床资料比较
Table 2 Comparison of clinical data between subcortical infarction group and non-cortical infarction group
因素 |
皮层下梗死(n=151) |
非皮层下梗死(n=256) |
P值 |
年龄/岁(x±s) |
56.64±10.80 |
55.42±10.62 |
0.92 |
性别(男)[n(%)] |
121(80.13) |
209(81.64) |
0.71 |
BMI(x±s) |
24.89±3.25 |
22.95±5.40 |
0.91 |
高血压[n(%)] |
112(74.17) |
140(54.68) |
<0.001 |
冠心病[n(%)] |
16(10.59) |
34(13.28) |
0.43 |
糖尿病[n(%)] |
41(27.15) |
71(27.73) |
0.9 |
吸烟[n(%)] |
55(36.42) |
121(47.27) |
0.03 |
高脂血症[n(%)] |
72(47.68) |
92(35.93) |
0.02 |
RLS病史[n(%)] |
30(19.86) |
11(4.29) |
<0.001 |
表3 皮层下梗死的多因素多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 3 Multivariate Logistic regression analyses for predictors of subcortical stroke
因素 |
B |
S E |
Wals |
P |
OR(95% CI) |
高血压 |
0.559 |
0.263 |
4.495 |
0.034 |
1.748(1.043~2.930) |
RLS病史 |
0.752 |
0.375 |
4.028 |
0.045 |
2.122(1.018~4.423) |
高脂血症 |
0.497 |
0.732 |
0.462 |
0.497 |
1.644(.392~6.903) |
吸烟 |
-0.295 |
0.745 |
0.157 |
0.692 |
0.744(.173~3.203) |
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(收稿2019-01-04)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:李弥弥,林化松,陈雅芳,叶励超.不宁腿综合征与皮层下脑梗死的相关性分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(2):139-143.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.027
Reference information:LI Mimi,LIN Huasong,CHEN Yafang,YE Lichao.Correlation between restless legs syndrome and subcortical cerebral infarction[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(2):139-143.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.027