目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)综合征的多模态MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析经肌肉病理活检和基因证实的10例MELAS综合征患者的MRI平扫和增强、MRA、DWI、MRS和ASL表现。结果 8例累及2个及2个以上脑叶,多见于顶叶、枕叶、颞叶皮层及皮层下白质,1例仅累及颞叶海马,1例位于小脑半球。病灶在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI和FLAIR呈高信号。DWI呈稍高或高信号,ADC呈低信号,增强扫描无强化或呈脑回样、线样强化和条片状强化。ASL病变区呈高灌注,6例于MRS可见Lac双峰。结论 多模态MRI表现对MELAS综合征的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义。
MELAS综合征的多模态MRI表现
冀 鹏1) 李 红1)△ 张 岚2) 邢 威2)
1)驻马店市中心医院放射科,河南 驻马店 463000 2)河南中医药大学第一附属医院磁共振科,河南 郑州 450000
基金项目:河南省中医药科学研究专项课题(编号:2018ZY2079)
作者简介:冀鹏,Email:jiranp@163.com
△通信作者:李红,Email:11496918@qq.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)综合征的多模态MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析经肌肉病理活检和基因证实的10例MELAS综合征患者的MRI平扫和增强、MRA、DWI、MRS和ASL表现。结果 8例累及2个及2个以上脑叶,多见于顶叶、枕叶、颞叶皮层及皮层下白质,1例仅累及颞叶海马,1例位于小脑半球。病灶在T1WI呈低信号,T2WI和FLAIR呈高信号。DWI呈稍高或高信号,ADC呈低信号,增强扫描无强化或呈脑回样、线样强化和条片状强化。ASL病变区呈高灌注,6例于MRS可见Lac双峰。结论 多模态MRI表现对MELAS综合征的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义。
【关键词】 MELAS综合征;磁共振成像;动脉自旋标记;磁共振波谱成像
【中图分类号】 R445.2 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)02-0164-07 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.032
The multi-modal MRI manifestation of MELAS syndrome
JI Peng1),LI Hong1),ZHANG Lan2),XING Wei2)
1)Department of Radiology,Zhu madian Central Hospital,Zhumadian 463000,China;2)Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University,Zhengzhou 450000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To explore multi-modal MRI manifestations of MELAS syndrome.Methods The findings of MRI plain and enhanced scans,MRA,DWI,MRS and ASL of 10 patients with MELAS syndrome confirmed by muscle biopsy and gene testing were retrospectively analyzed.Results The lesions involve 2 or more than 2 lobes,mainly distributed in cortex and subcortical white matter of parietal,occipital and temporal lobes in 8 involved.Only one lesion involved hippocampus of temporal lobe,and another lesion was located in cerebellum.The lesions demonstrated low signal intensity on T1WI,high signal intensity on T2WI and FLAIR,and slightly high or high signal intensity on DWI,low signal intensity on ADC in cortex and subcortical white matter.The lesions showed no obvious enhancement or gyriform,linear enhancement and stripe enhancement.The lesions were hyperperfusion on ASL.6 cases were found Lac double peak on MRS.Conclusion The multi-modal MRI manifestations are of important significance in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of MELAS syndrome.
【Key words】 MELAS syndrome;Magnetic resonance imaging;Arterial spin labeling;MR spectroscopy
线粒体脑肌病是一组因DNA突变造成的线粒体结构和功能异常导致的机体能量代谢障碍而引起的脑和横纹肌受累为主的多系统疾病[1-3]。临床上发病率虽然较低,但线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes,MELAS)综合征为线粒体脑肌病最常见的类型[4]。由于本病首发症状不典型,且临床表现缺乏特异性,常规影像学表现与急性脑梗死非常近似,因此早期诊断比较困难,且容易误诊。本文总结了经肌肉活检和基因检测确诊的10例MELAS综合征患者的临床和影像学资料,在常规影像学检查的基础上对MELAS综合征患者行多模态磁共振成像,以提高对本病的早期确诊率。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 搜集2010-01―2018-12驻马店中心医院和河南中医药大学第一附属医院确诊的MELAS综合征患者10例,男6例,女4例;年龄12~65岁,平均40.5岁;病程5 d~3 a,平均1.3 a。所有患者均未发现明确的阳性家族史。抽搐发作为首发症状者7例,一侧肢体轻瘫或偏瘫6例,头痛5例,双下肢无力3例,认知障碍2例,视力下降2例,精神异常2例,听力下降1例。实验室检查6例患者血清乳酸不同程度升高,2例血糖升高。6例行肌肉病理活检确诊,Gomori染色示破碎红纤维;4例行基因测序确诊为MELAS综合征。
1.2 仪器与方法 采用西门子Skyra 3.0T超导型磁共振扫描仪,16通道头颈线圈。所有患者行头颅平扫和增强扫描、弥散加权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)、磁共振波谱成像(MR spectroscopy,MRS)。MRI平扫包括轴位T1WI(TR/TE 500 ms/10 ms),轴位和矢状位T2WI(TR/TE 4 500 ms/90 ms),轴位FLAIR(TR/TE 8 000 ms/100 ms),FOV 240 mm×240 mm,矩阵280×240,层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm。DWI:TR 3 200 ms,TE 80 ms,b=1 000 s/mm2,FOV 240 mm×240 mm,层厚5 mm,层间距1 mm,自动后重建表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)图。增强扫描采用钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA)注射液,剂量为0.2 mL/kg,经肘静脉推注后行轴位、冠状位、矢状位T1WI增强扫描,扫描参数同T1WI平扫。ASL:TR 4 800 ms,TE 10 ms,FOV 240 mm×240 mm,矩阵512×512,层厚4 mm,层间距1 mm,标记后延迟时间(post label delay,PLD)1 525 ms。MRS:采用单体素扫描,TR 1 500 ms,TE 35 ms和144 ms。分析各主要代谢产物N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)和1.33ppm的乳酸(Lac)。
2 结果
单侧发病9例,双侧发病1例。8例累及2个及2个以上脑叶,累及2个脑叶者居多,多见于顶叶、枕叶、颞叶皮层及皮层下白质(图1)。1例仅累及颞叶海马(图2),1例病灶位于小脑半球。MRI平扫表现为大脑皮层肿胀,病灶在T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号(图2A),FLAIR 呈高信号(图1A、2B)。DWI呈稍高或高信号(图2C、3A),ADC呈低信号,增强扫描3例病灶未见明显强化,4例病灶呈脑回样或线样强化,3例病灶内可见少许条片状强化(图1B)。1例随访过程中发现病灶呈游走性,首发为右侧颞叶病灶(图3A、3B),治疗一段时间后复查右侧小脑半球出现新的病灶。头颅MRA颅内大血管,如大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、基底动脉等均未发现明显狭窄或闭塞(图1D、2D)。所有病例于治疗前行ASL检查,病变区呈高灌注(图1C、2F、3B、3C);3例治疗后复查病变区变成软化灶(图1E),ASL呈低灌注改变(图1F)。MRS:6例NAA峰降低,Cho峰升高,TE 35 ms 时可见Lac双峰,TE 144 ms时见倒置的Lac双峰(图2E)。
图1 女,57岁,出现错觉、幻觉等精神异常1个月余,肌肉活检证实为MELAS综合征。轴位FLAIR(A)示右侧颞顶枕叶大片状高信号;增强T1WI(B)示病灶内少许条片状强化;ASL(C)示病灶呈高灌注;头颅MRA(D)示颅内动脉未见狭窄;2 a后复查,FLAIR(E)示右侧颞顶枕叶软化灶;ASL(F)示病灶呈低灌注改变
Figure 1 A 57 year-old female patient with illusion and hallucination for more than 1 month.She was confirmed with MELAS syndrome by muscle biopsy.The axial FLAIR (A) showed a large patch of high signal intensity in the right temporal,parietal and occipital lobe;enhanced T1WI(B) showed a little strip enhancement of the lesion;MRA(D)showed no stenosis of intracranial arteries;After 2 years’follow-up,FLAIR(E)showed the a malacia in the right temporal,parietal and occipital lobe;ASL(F)showed hypoperfusion of the lesion
图2 男,12岁,头痛伴恶心呕吐半月,查体右侧下肢肌力减低,肌肉活检证实为MELAS综合征。轴位T2WI(A)、FLAIR(B)示左侧颞叶海马片状高信号;DWI(C)示病灶呈高信号;头颅MRA(D)显示颅内动脉未见狭窄;MRS(E)于TE=144 ms可见倒置的Lac双峰(箭头);ASL(F)示病灶呈高灌注改变
Figure 2 A 12 year-old male patient with headache,nausea and vomiting for half a month.The physical examination showed decreased muscle strength in the right lower extremity.The patient was diagnosed as MELAS syndrome confirmed by muscle biopsy.The axial T2WI (A) and FLAIR (B) showed patchy high signal intensity in the left hippocampus of temporal lobe;DWI(C) showed high signal intensity of the lesion;MRA(D)showed no stenosis of intracranial arteries;MRS(E)showed inverted Lac double peak as TE was equal to 144ms(arrow);ASL(F)showed hyperperfusion of the lesion
图3 男,65岁,左侧肢体无力3 d。DWI(A)示病灶呈右侧颞顶叶大片状高信号;ASL(B)示右侧颞顶叶病灶呈明显高灌注改变;治疗过程中发现病灶呈游走性,ASL(C)发现右侧小脑半球异常高灌注区
Figure 3 A 65 year-old male patient with weakness of left limb for 3 days.DWI(A) showed a large patch of high signal intensity in the right temporal and parietal lobe;ASL(B)showed obvious hyperperfusion of the lesion in the right temporal and parietal lobe;The lesions were found migratory during treatment,ASL(C)discovered hyperperfusion in the right cerebellum
3 讨论
MELAS综合征临床表现多种多样,主要表现为头痛、癫痫、下肢无力、偏瘫、认知功能障碍、精神异常、视力和听力下降、高乳酸血症等[5-7]。临床上家族发病和散发病例均可见到,发病年龄一般为10~40岁,偶见婴儿和老年人[8-9]。本组均为散发病例,无明确阳性家族史,急性或亚急性起病。本组病例中多为青壮年,其中1例为12岁男童,2例为57岁女性和65岁男性。中青年患者以头痛为首发症状时,临床易误诊为病毒性脑炎[10];老年患者首发症状为偏瘫或肢体无力时,临床易误诊为急性脑梗死[11-12]。
MELAS综合征好发于皮质及皮质下白质区,深部白质较少受累,好发于枕叶、顶叶和颞叶,少数累及额叶、小脑、脑干和基底节区、丘脑。本组1例累及小脑半球,但未出现基底节区和丘脑的病例。颅内病灶可单发或多发,多为不对称分布,且病灶具有多变性的特点。随着病情发展,颅内病灶可呈游走性,此特点可与脑梗死鉴别[13-14]。但本组仅1例出现游走性,发病时为一侧颞叶病灶,但治疗随访过程中同侧小脑半球出现新的病灶。其余9例均未见游走性病灶。但MELAS综合征的病变分布区与脑动脉供血区不一致,与责任血管不匹配。本组病例同时行MRA检查,未见病变区相应的动脉狭窄或闭塞。MELAS综合征的MRI特点为平扫T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号,FLAIR呈高信号,增强扫描病灶不强化或轻度强化,或为沿病变区脑回分布的线样强化。病程较长或经过长期治疗的MELAS患者,慢性期可见到局部皮层坏死、萎缩、软化灶形成[15]。
仅依靠MRI平扫和增强的影像学表现,对MELAS的诊断是远远不够的。目前、MRI多模态成像联合使用DWI、MRS和磁共振灌注成像等功能成像技术,有助于MELAS综合征的诊断和鉴别诊断[16-19]。DWI作为无创性的MRI功能成像被广泛应用于中枢神经系统疾病的诊断[20-22]。MELAS综合征的病变区DWI均呈稍高信号或高信号,而对应的ADC图可呈高信号或低信号。ADC图病灶呈高信号说明此时病灶内神经元细胞功能存在,DWI上以血管源性水肿为主;而ADC图病灶呈低信号,表明此时线粒体功能降低,神经元能量缺失,细胞功能损伤导致细胞毒性水肿,因而ADC值降低[23-25]。本组DWI呈高信号,ADC均为低信号,提示患者就诊时病变区均出现了细胞毒性水肿。分析MELAS综合征患者的MRS会发现病变区可出现Lac双峰,原因为线粒体功能障碍导致组织代谢缺氧,无氧酵解增加,乳酸生成增多。正常脑组织的MRS是检测不到乳酸峰的,当脑组织的氧化磷酸化过程受阻或氧饱和度降低时,MRS能够检测出Lac峰[26-28]。ABE等[29]研究认为,MELAS患者的Lac峰比DWI高信号出现早2周左右,说明MRS能够早期发现线粒体功能异常引起的脑组织代谢障碍,比DWI更早、更敏感地预示疾病的发生。但值得注意的是,乳酸峰并不是MELAS综合征的特异性表现,在脑梗死的早期、脱髓鞘病变、脑肿瘤等疾病中都可以检测到Lac峰[30-32]。急性起病时MELAS综合征和急性脑梗死均可在MRS表现为NAA峰降低,Cho峰升高和Lac双峰,因此二者在MRS上鉴别困难。但MELAS综合征急性发作时乳酸堆积导致血管舒张,局部脑血流量增加,病变区呈高灌注[33-35]。因此,反映血流灌注的磁共振灌注成像,如动态磁敏感对比增强灌注成像(dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion weighted imaging,DSC-PWI) 和ASL,均能够显示脑血流灌注增加。其中ASL是一项全新的、无需对比剂的容积灌注成像技术,具有无创性、可重复性高的特点。本组10例就诊时均为急性期和亚急性期,ASL显示病变区均呈不同程度的高灌注区,其中3例治疗后复查病灶处于慢性期时,ASL呈低灌注改变。ASL等磁共振灌注成像上的改变,有助于MELAS综合征与急性脑梗死相鉴别。
由于MELAS综合征临床较为少见,且表现复杂,常误诊为脑梗死、病毒性脑炎。急性脑梗死与MELAS综合征在常规MRI表现非常近似,且二者的MRS表现也无明显差异,但大范围脑梗死的病变区与责任血管供血范围一致,且急性期脑梗死ASL或DSC-PWI上病变区为低灌注,而MELAS综合征患者的MRA找不到责任血管,而急性期时病变区为高灌注。病毒性脑炎多有前驱感染史,且首发症状常为头痛、发热,好发于边缘系统,颞叶、额叶、岛叶皮层、扣带回多见,而枕叶、顶叶少见,且多累及一个脑叶,常呈对称性。
MELAS综合征的常规MRI表现无特异性,但MRI多模态成像技术对MELAS综合征的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义,尤其结合ASL或DSC-PWI的高灌注表现,有助于早期诊断和治疗。
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(收稿2019-01-02)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:冀鹏,李红,张岚,邢威.MELAS综合征的多模态MRI表现[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(2):164-170.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.032
Reference information:JI Peng,LI Hong,ZHANG Lan,XING Wei.The multi-modal MRI manifestation of MELAS syndrome[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(2):164-170.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.032