目的 探讨联合应用经颅多普勒超声声学造影(c-TCD)和经胸超声心动图声学造影(c-TTE),对诊断卵圆孔未闭(PFO)相关的右向左分流(RLS)的临床价值。方法 纳入2016-01—2018-10,至郑州大学附属洛阳中心医院神经内科就诊的隐源性脑卒中患者及偏头痛患者413例,同时行c-TCD联合c-TTE检查,对两者方法的检出差异和分流等级差异进行比较。进一步选取两种检查方法均阳性且c-TCD分级为2~3级,并拟进一步治疗的40例患者行TEE检查。 结果 413例入组者中c-TCD和c-TTE检查RLS阳性率分别为44.07%、41.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。c-TCD和c-TTE方法检查RLS分级结果有统计学差异(Bowker值14.106,P=0.028),c-TCD检出级别高。40例行TEE检查的患者,均发现存在卵圆孔未闭。 结论 c-TCD方法检查RLS敏感性高。c-TCD和c-TTE联合检查方法可提高PFO-RLS诊断的准确性。
c-TCD联合c-TTE在卵圆孔未闭右向左分流诊断中的应用
段智慧 杨致远 宋彬彬 王裕鹏 商丹丹 杜艳姣
郑州大学附属洛阳中心医院神经内科,河南 洛阳 471000
基金项目:洛阳市科技发展计划项目(编号:1503006A-1)
作者简介:段智慧,Email:duanzhihui76@126.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨联合应用经颅多普勒超声声学造影(c-TCD)和经胸超声心动图声学造影(c-TTE),对诊断卵圆孔未闭(PFO)相关的右向左分流(RLS)的临床价值。方法 纳入2016-01—2018-10,至郑州大学附属洛阳中心医院神经内科就诊的隐源性脑卒中患者及偏头痛患者413例,同时行c-TCD联合c-TTE检查,对两者方法的检出差异和分流等级差异进行比较。进一步选取两种检查方法均阳性且c-TCD分级为2~3级,并拟进一步治疗的40例患者行TEE检查。 结果 413例入组者中c-TCD和c-TTE检查RLS阳性率分别为44.07%、41.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。c-TCD和c-TTE方法检查RLS分级结果有统计学差异(Bowker值14.106,P=0.028),c-TCD检出级别高。40例行TEE检查的患者,均发现存在卵圆孔未闭。 结论 c-TCD方法检查RLS敏感性高。c-TCD和c-TTE联合检查方法可提高PFO-RLS诊断的准确性。
【关键词】 经颅多普勒超声声学造影;经胸超声心动图声学造影;右向左分流;卵圆孔未闭
【中图分类号】 R743 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)02-0183-04 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.035
Combined application of c-TTE and c-TCD in detecting PFO-RLS
DUAN Zhihui,YANG Zhiyuan,SONG Binbin,WANG Yupeng,SHANG Dandan,DU Yanjiao
Department of Neurology,Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University,Luoyang 471000,China
【Abstract】 Objective Comparison of c-TTE and c-TCD and the combined application of the two Methods indetecting PFO-RLS.Methods 413 volunteers were participated in the project research when they were diagnosed as CS and migraine at the Department of Neurology,Luoyang Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University during the period from January 2016 to October 2018.Combined application of c-TCD and c-TTE detections were conducted to all the volunteers to compare the differences in detection rates and grades of RLS.40 cases with positive c-TCD and c-TTE results,2~3 level of c-TCD grade and willingness to receive further treatment were examined by TEE.Results RLS positive Results by c-TCD and c-TTE were respectively 44.07% and 41.67%,and hence the difference had statistical significance(P<0.01).The Results of RLS grades between c-TCD and c-TTE were statistically significant (Bowker test value is 14.106,P =0.028),with the grades of the former method higher than the latter.A TEE test found out PFO in all of 40 participants.Conclusion Compared with c-TTE method,c-TCD method is more sensitive to finding RLS.The combined application of c-TCD and c-TTE improves the accuracy in diagnosing RLS and hence can serve as an efficient screening tool for PFO-RLS.At the same time,it is safe and non-invasive.
【Key words】 Contrast-transcranial Doppler;Contrast enhanced transthroracic echocardiography;Right-to-Left shunt;Patent foramen ovale
卵圆孔是胎儿时期心血管系统在发育过程中的残腔,3岁以后卵圆孔仍未达到解剖上闭合称为 PFO[1-4],关于其潜在的RLS通路被重视和研究,发现隐源性卒中[5]、偏头痛[6-7]等疾患与PFO相关。目前诊断PFO-RLS的常用方法包括[8-9]经食道超声心动图(TEE)、经颅多普勒超声声学造影(c-TCD)、经胸超声心动图声学造影(c-TTE),各有优缺点。c-TTE与c-TCD两者检查方法均具备安全无创的特点,更适宜在临床推广,联合检查对提高PFO-RLS诊断的特异性和敏感性有较大价值,本研究探讨联合应用c-TCD与c-TTE诊断PFO-RLS的价值。
1 对象和方法
1.1 对象 连续性纳入2016-01—2018-10至我院神经内科就诊,依据TOAST分型[10]诊断为隐源性脑卒中及根据国际头痛协会国际偏头痛分类第3版试行版(ICHD-Ⅲ)进行诊断确诊为偏头痛患者[11],并同意行c-TCD、c-TTE、TEE检查者。排除标准:(1)经胸超声心动图确诊房间隔缺损、室间隔缺损患者;(2)妊娠、凝血功能障碍者;(3)患心肺疾患、协调认知障碍疾病、癫痫等疾病而无法完成Valsalva动作患者;(4)因穿刺血管原因无法完成造影剂注射者;(5)拒绝签署知情同意书者。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 标准的Valsalva动作的练习:Valsalva动作可增加胸腔内压力,减少右心回心血量,诱导 PFO 打开。练习时可采用方法为深吸气后紧闭声门,再用力对压力表呼气,使刻度达40 mmHg,并坚持10 s。选择TCD血流监护曲线可帮助判断Valsalva动作效力,有效的动作会引起流速降低、波形变锐、搏动指数(PI)值增高及D峰前切迹加深。
1.2.2 造影剂的配制:在患者肘静脉留置静脉通路,连接三通管;通过三通管将两支10 mL注射器相连;其中一支装有9 mL生理盐水、1 mL洁净的空气和1滴病患血液,将三者在两支注射器间推注大于20次,存在一支注射器中,制成激活造影剂(agitated saline solution with blood,ASb)。
1.2.3 c-TCD和 c-TTE联合操作:c-TCD检查应用深圳德利凯公司经颅多普勒仪(双通道具备M模模式),探头使用1.6 MHz。TTE检查使用的心脏彩超型号为PHILIPS-iE33,探头为2.5 MHz。①行常规经胸心脏彩超检查,观察心脏充分显示房间隔。②TCD检查:探头置于右侧颞窗,监测右侧MCA;若颞窗开放不良选取眼窗[12]监测右侧颈内动脉虹吸段(S-ICA)。③患者取左侧卧位、头略向右偏位。配制造影剂并行弹丸式注射,注射后TCD医生打开栓子监测软件,记录25 s之内M模上显示的高信号微气泡;超声医师同一时间内监测微气泡从右心房进入到左房左室情况,观察3个心动周期。5 min后第二次推注配制好的造影剂,推注后5 s患者行Valsalva动作,TCD及超声医生行以上检查。5 min后患者Valsalva动作后再行检查,计数较多的次数结果为准。互盲下由TCD及超声医师各2名回放记录并统计结果。
c-TCD监测分级标准采用2000年c-TCD 操作共识中4分类法[13]:监测(单侧)标准:0级为阴性;1级为1~10个微气泡;2级为大于10个微气泡未形成雨帘;3级:无法计数呈雨帘状。c-TTE分级的标准依据《卵圆孔未闭处理策略中国专家建议》[9]:根据左心内每帧图像的微泡数确定分级:0级为阴性;1级为1~10个微气泡;2级为大于10个微气泡;3级为大于30个微气泡。
1.2.4 TEE检查:检查设备为GE-viviq彩超,应用频率为 5 MHz的食道探头。患者检查前10 min含服丁卡因,检查体位为左侧卧位,全程监测心电、血氧饱和度、血压、心率。从食管开始缓慢向下扫描,左房水平可观察到卵圆孔未闭,纵切面可看到其形态和位置。
1.3 统计学分析 应用 SPSS 21.0统计软件。配对2×2列联表的资料应用Mcnemar检验,配对R×R列联表的资料应用Bowker检验(R≥3)。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
本研究共纳入413例入组者。隐源性卒中261例,其中男146例(55.94 %),女115例(44.06%),年龄24 ~68(52.13±9.61)岁;偏头痛152例,男73例(48.03%),女79例(51.97%),年龄20~60(51.89±7.05)岁。
2.1 c-TCD和c-TTE两种检查方法检出RLS结果的比较 c-TCD检查阳性率(44.07%)高于c-TTE(41.67%),且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表1。
2.2 c-TCD及c-TTE两种方法的RLS半定量分级比较 结果差异有统计学意义(Bowker值为14.106,ρ=0.028)。c-TCD方法2级阳性率为9.20%,3级阳性率为15.01%,高于c-TTE方法的阳性率(8.96%,12.11%),认为c-TCD较c-TTE检出RLS级别高,见表2。
2.3 经食道超声心动图检查结果 (1)c-TCD和c-TTE均阳性、c-TCD分级2~3级的患者中选取有进一步封堵治疗意愿的患者40例行TEE检查,均发现为PFO,并发现1例合并左心耳血栓。(2)c-TCD(+)、c-TTE(-)的11例入组者,行TEE检查,显示9例患者为PFO,2例患者未发现PFO,再行肺血管造影,1例确诊为肺动静脉畸形,另1例未能明确病因。 (3)c-TCD(-)、c-TTE(+)的1例入组者,行TEE检查,未发现卵圆孔未闭。
3 讨论
成年人群中可检查到卵圆孔未闭合的占20%~25%,研究发现越来越多的疾病与PFO相关。存在于静脉系统中的某些物质,经过未闭合的卵圆孔从右心系统到左心系统,导致临床综合征。国内近年来研究团队致力于隐源性脑卒中[14]及偏头痛与PFO的相关性研究。目前诊断PFO-RLS的常用方法包括TEE、c-TCD、c-TTE和血管造影、同位素扫描等[4]。TEE与尸检结果相关性最高,是诊断PFO的金标准TEE,结合声学造影可进一步明确PFO是否伴有RLS,但因为属于半侵入性检查,患者的耐受性及依从性较差,且镇静及插管会导致Valsalva动作较难完成,故此种检查方法不适合常规筛查。而c-TTE特异性较高但敏感性较低,c-TCD敏感性较高但特异性不强[15-19]。
表1 c-TCD和c-TTE检出RLS结果比较
Table 1 Comparison of two R-CCD and c-TTE inspection Methods for checking RLS results
c-TTE |
c-TCD |
合计 |
+ |
- |
+ |
171 |
1 |
172 |
- |
11 |
230 |
241 |
合计 |
182 |
231 |
413 |
表2 c-TCD和c-TTE检出RLS分级对比
Table 2 Comparison of RLS classification between c-TCD and c-TTE
c-TTE |
c-TCD |
合计 |
0级 |
1级 |
2级 |
3级 |
0级 |
230 |
6 |
3 |
2 |
241 |
1级 |
1 |
72 |
5 |
7 |
85 |
2级 |
0 |
2 |
24 |
11 |
37 |
3级 |
0 |
2 |
6 |
42 |
50 |
合计 |
231 |
82 |
38 |
62 |
413 |
本研究对入组人群同时行c-TCD联合c-TTE检查,观察RLS的检出率及分级比较。本研究共纳入413例,结果表明c-TCD检测RLS阳性率为44.07%高于c-TTE阳性率41.67%,差异有统计学意义且c-TCD检测RLS分级2级和3级阳性率分别为9.20%和15.01%,均高于c-TTE2级和3级阳性率(8.96%,12.11%),认为c-TCD较c-TTE检出RLS级别更高。本研究中有11例受试者检查显示c-TCD(+)、c-TTE(-),行TEE检查显示9例为PFO。以上结果提示c-TCD对RLS检出敏感性更高,与既往国内外研究结果相一致[20-22]。c-TCD检查方法敏感性较高的原因,我们研究团队有以下分析。第一,患者行Valsalva动作时无法呈静止状态,会影响TTE图像质量,使c-TTE检查阳性率低。第二,c-TTE检查是静态记录某截面微泡数量,与之相比,c-TCD的检查过程中有监测软件的辅助,故更客观和准确。第三,TCD监测到的RLS不仅包括心内型RLS,还包括心外型RLS。对于PFO-RLS检测,c-TTE检查特异性较c-TCD更强,原因是有TTE对心脏结构的检查基础,故能区分心内和心外水平右向左分流,本研究c-TCD阳性而c-TTE阴性的11例患者,再行TEE检查有2例未发现未闭卵圆孔,可能有心外因素右向左分流通道存在,如肺动脉畸形、肝-肺综合征、遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张等病因,研究中1例患者经肺CTA检查证实存在肺动静脉畸形。在本研究中,c-TCD和c-TTE均阳性、c-TCD分级2~3级的患者中选取有进一步封堵治疗意愿的患者40例行TEE检查,均发现为PFO,证实c-TCD联合c-TTE检查在诊断PFO-RLS中具有较高的特异性和敏感性。
本研究发现,c-TCD和 c-TTE联合检查的方法,具有无创、安全及临床可操作性强等优势,提高了对诊断PFO-RLS诊断方面的敏感性和特异性,在一定程度上可取代TEE,作为PFO-RLS筛查的有效手段。对于c-TCD阳性、c-TTE阴性或c-TCD阴性、c-TTE阳性的隐源性脑卒中、偏头痛患者可进一步行TEE、肺CTA等检查明确病因。
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(收稿2018-11-16)
本文责编:关慧
本文引用信息:段智慧,杨致远,宋彬彬,王裕鹏,商丹丹,杜艳姣.c-TCD联合c-TTE在卵圆孔未闭右向左分流诊断中的应用[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(2):183-186.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.035
Reference information:DUAN Zhihui,YANG Zhiyuan,SONG Binbin,WANG Yupeng,SHANG Dandan,DU Yanjiao.Combined application of c-TTE and c-TCD in detecting PFO-RLS[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(2):183-186.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.035