目的 观察短期加用利奈唑胺治疗难治性结核性脑膜脑炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法 选取2014-09-2018-09郑州市第六人民医院结核科收治的难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者63例,通过回顾性队列研究将所有患者分为对照组(32例)和治疗组(31例),对照组给予常规抗结核药物加脑脊液置换联合鞘内注药,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用利奈唑胺(LZD,linezolid),治疗4周后分析比较2组总有效率、脑脊液指标(脑脊液压力、脑脊液细胞数、脑脊液蛋白量)、不良反应发生率。结果 治疗4周后,治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组颅内压数值、脑脊液白细胞计数、脑脊液蛋白量均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者治疗过程中均未发生严重不良反应。结论 抗结核治疗中短期加用利奈唑胺,可促进难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者病情恢复,且安全性良好。
短期加用利奈唑胺治疗难治性结核性脑膜脑炎的疗效分析
陈永芳 陈 裕
郑州市第六人民医院老年结核病科,河南 郑州 450001
作者简介:陈永芳,Email:chenyongfang1008@126.com
【摘要】 目的 观察短期加用利奈唑胺治疗难治性结核性脑膜脑炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法 选取2014-09-2018-09郑州市第六人民医院结核科收治的难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者63例,通过回顾性队列研究将所有患者分为对照组(32例)和治疗组(31例),对照组给予常规抗结核药物加脑脊液置换联合鞘内注药,治疗组在对照组的基础上加用利奈唑胺(LZD,linezolid),治疗4周后分析比较2组总有效率、脑脊液指标(脑脊液压力、脑脊液细胞数、脑脊液蛋白量)、不良反应发生率。结果 治疗4周后,治疗组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组颅内压数值、脑脊液白细胞计数、脑脊液蛋白量均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者治疗过程中均未发生严重不良反应。结论 抗结核治疗中短期加用利奈唑胺,可促进难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者病情恢复,且安全性良好。
【关键词】 结核杆菌;结核性脑膜脑炎;抗结核治疗;利奈唑胺;脑脊液置换
【中图分类号】 R529.3 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)02-0192-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.037
Analysis of the curative effect of treatment of refractory tuberculous meningoencephalitis by short-term addition of llinazolamide
CHEN Yongfang,CHEN Yu
Elderly TB Division,the Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou,Zhengzhou 450001,China
【Abstract】 Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of the short-term treatment of refractory tuberculous meningoencephalitis with linazolamide.Methods Sixty-three patients with refractory tuberculous meningoencephalitis admitted to the Department of Tuberculosis of the Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City,2014-09-2018-09 were selected.All patients were divided into control group (32 cases) and treatment group by retrospective cohort study.In 31 cases,the control group was given conventional anti-tuberculosis drugs plus cerebrospinal fluid replacement combined with intrathecal injection.The treatment group was treated with linezolid (LZD,linezolid) on the basis of the control group.After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate of the two groups was Cerebrospinal fluid index (cerebrospinal fluid pressure,number of cerebrospinal fluid cells,cerebrospinal fluid protein),and incidence of adverse reactions were analyzed and compared.Results After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The values of intracranial pressure,leukocyte count of cerebrospinal fluid and protein of cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment group were all significantly lower than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (all P values were<0.05).No serious adverse reactions were observed in all patients.Conclusion The short-term addition of linazolamide in anti-tuberculosis treatment can promote the recovery of refractory tuberculous meningititis patients,and the safety is good.
【Keywords】 Tuberculosis bacillus;Tuberculous meningoencephalitis;Refractory;Antitubercular treatment;Linazolamide;Cerebrospinal fluid replacement;Efficient;security
结核性脑膜脑炎是中枢神经系统常见的感染性疾病,是由结核分枝杆菌感染所致,发病率位居人类结核病的第五位,同时也是最严重的一类肺外结核病,常存在难治性结核性脑膜脑炎,常规抗结核疗效有时欠佳,病死率较高,因此及时有效的抗结核治疗尤为重要[1-3]。常见的一线抗结核药物有时难以达到满意的治疗效果,随着医学技术的发展,近年来越来越多的抗结核药物逐渐进入临床并广泛被应用,其中利奈唑胺较具代表性[4-8]。
利奈唑胺是人工合成的唑烷酮类抗生素,2000年获得美国FDA批准,主要用于治疗革兰阳性(G+)球菌引起的感染,并在临床中得到了确切的疗效[9-10],近年来发现利奈唑胺对结核分枝杆菌有一定的抗菌活性,有研究发现,该药在广泛耐药肺结核、重症结核性脑膜炎患者的治疗中有一定的疗效[11-12],但利奈唑胺在难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者的治疗中尚缺乏相应的研究,因此,本文采用回顾性分析研究,在难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者的治疗过程中短期加用利奈唑胺,通过分析总有效率、脑脊液相关指标等,进而了解利奈唑胺的临床疗效及安全性。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2014-09-2018-09郑州市第六人民医院结核科收治的难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者63例,所有患者均符合结核性脑膜脑炎诊断标准,已经8周正规抗结核治疗,但临床症状未减轻,脑脊液压力、蛋白量升高,颅内病灶扩大,通过回顾性队列研究将所有患者分为对照组和治疗组。对照组32例,男17例,女15例,年龄21~58(43.66±10.64 )岁;治疗组31例,男18例,女13例,年龄20~59(42.10±11.03)岁。2组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义( P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经郑州市第六人民医院伦理委员会批准,所有治疗均得到患者及家属知情同意。
1.2 方法 对照组给予常规抗结核药物加脑脊液置换联合鞘内注药治疗,抗结核药物为异烟肼0.6 g/d,利福平0.6 g/d,乙胺丁醇0.75 g/d,吡嗪酰胺1.5 g/d;地塞米松10 m g/d,脱水剂20%甘露醇注射液250 mL q8 h应用;脑脊液置换联合鞘内注药治疗,腰穿测定脑脊液压力,缓慢放出脑脊液5 mL,再缓慢注入等量无菌生理盐水,2 min后再缓慢放出,如此反复操作,共置换脑脊液25 mL,脑脊液放出总量比注入生理盐水多5 mL,最后注入异烟肼0.1 g,地塞米松3 mg,每周置换2次,并对脑脊液指标进行测定。
治疗组在对照组的基础上加用利奈唑胺0.6 g/d,2组均给予相同的保肝、维持水电解质平衡等对症支持治疗,并于治疗前后对所有患者进行头颅磁共振检查。
1.3 观察指标 观察2组治疗前后总有效率及不良反应发生情况;比较治疗前后2组脑脊液压力、脑脊液细胞数、脑脊液蛋白量的变化情况;观察2组治疗前后颅内病灶变化。
疗效评估:显效:临床症状消失,脑脊液指标恢复正常,颅内病灶明显减小,无后遗症;有效:临床症状改善,脑脊液指标有所改善,颅内病灶稍减小,基本无后遗症;无效:病情无改善甚至加重。总有效=显效+有效。
1.4 统计学方法 采用SPSS 21.0软件进行数据分析,正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s) 表示,行t检验。计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 2组疗效比较 治疗4周后,治疗组总有效率明显优于对照组(χ2=6.142,P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 2组治疗前后脑脊液指标变化情况比较 治疗前2组脑脊液压力、脑脊液细胞数、脑脊液蛋白量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗4周后治疗组脑脊液压力、脑脊液细胞数、脑脊液蛋白量与对照组比较均明显改善,各指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表1 2组疗效比较 [n(%)]
Table 1 The curative effect of the 2 groups [n (%)]
组别 |
n |
显效 |
有效 |
无效 |
总有效率/% |
对照组 |
32 |
7(21.88) |
12(37.50) |
13(40.62) |
59.38 |
治疗组 |
31 |
11(35.48) |
16(51.61) |
4(12.90) |
87.10* |
注:与对照组比较,*P<0.05
表2 2组治疗前后脑脊液指标变化情况比较 (x±s)
Table 2 Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid index in 2 groups (x±s)
组别 |
n |
|
脑脊液压力(mmH2O) |
脑脊液细胞数(×106个/L) |
脑脊液蛋白量(g/L) |
治疗组 |
32 |
治疗前 |
290.32±23.16 |
305.97±160.45 |
3.28±0.88 |
|
|
治疗后 |
118.06±33.51☆* |
56.00±28.34☆* |
0.69±0.29☆* |
对照组 |
31 |
治疗前 |
289.06±29.44 |
329.06±162.31 |
3.43±0.86 |
|
|
治疗后 |
149.38±35.01☆ |
143.97±74.05 |
1.49±1.03☆ |
注:与对照组比较,*P<0.05;组内与治疗前比较,☆P<0.05
2.3 不良反应 治疗过程中,治疗组出现1例腹泻,1例恶心,对照组出现2例恶心,均未发生严重不良反应,2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.234,P>0.05) 。
3 讨论
结核性脑膜脑炎[13-14]是由结核分枝杆菌感染引起的神经系统感染性疾病,由于结核杆菌引起的炎性渗出可刺激、粘连、压迫脑神经、脑实质等,引起颅内病变[15-19],常见的临床表现为头痛,严重者可出现意识障碍,是严重的肺外结核,往往仅用常规的抗结核治疗难以达到满意的治疗效果,即形成难治性结核性脑膜脑炎,该病病死率高[20-23],因此及时有效的抗结核治疗十分重要。
目前,难治性结核性脑膜脑炎常见的治疗方案[24-26]是常规抗结核药物加脑脊液置换联合鞘内注药治疗,加强杀菌效果,保护神经系统,但该治疗方案有时难以达到满意的治疗效果,随诊医学技术的发展,近年来利奈唑胺被证实对广泛耐药肺结核、重症结核性脑膜炎的治疗中有一定的疗效[27-28],逐渐进入临床并广泛使用。
利奈唑胺[29]是2000年获得美国FDA批准的人工合成的恶唑烷酮类抗生素,主要用于革兰阳性球菌感染的治疗,包括由MRSA引起的疑似或确诊院内获得性肺炎(HAP)、社区获得性肺炎(CAP)、复杂性皮肤或皮肤软组织感染(SSTI)以及耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)感染。其通过抑制细菌蛋白质合成发挥抗菌作用[30-32],且利奈唑胺在几乎所有的器官包括中枢神经系统中均有良好的组织穿透力和生物利用度,同时对肝肾功能损害较小,因此广泛应用于敏感菌所致的感染性疾病治疗中[33-35]。
近年来有研究发现,利奈唑胺对结核分枝杆菌有一定的抗菌活性[36-37],目前已有学者发现该药在耐多药、广泛耐药肺结核、重症结核性脑膜炎患者的治疗中有一定的疗效[38-40],但在结核性脑膜脑炎患者的治疗中尚缺乏研究,因此本文在结核性脑膜脑炎患者的治疗过程中加用利奈唑胺,观察短期治疗效果。
难治性结核性脑膜脑炎患者在抗结核治疗中短期加用利奈唑胺可促进该类患者病情恢复,且安全性良好。
4 参考文献
[1] SCHIBLER M,EPERON G,KENFAK A,et al.Diagnostic tools to tackle infectious causesof Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent adults in Europe[J].Clin Microbiol Infect,2019 Jan 14.pii:S1198-743X(18)30847-4.DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.035.
[2] BASTOS M S,MARTINS VDCA,SILVA N L D,et al.Importance of cerebrospinal fluid investigation during dengue infection in Brazilian Amazonia Region[J].Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz,2018,114:e180450.DOI:10.1590/0074-02760180450.
[3] SANTANA M F,JOO G A P,LACERDA M V G,et al.Diabetes insipidus secondary to tuberculous meningoencephalitis with hypothalamic involvement extending to the hypophysis:a case report[J].Rev Soc Bras Med Trop,2018,51(6):865-867.DOI:10.1590/0037-8682-0455-2017.
[4] VIKRANT S.Tuberculosis in dialysis:Clinical spectrum and outcome from an endemic region[J].Hemodial Int,2018 Oct 5.DOI:10.1111/hdi.12693.
[5] SSEBAMBULIDDE K,BANGDIWALA A S,KWIZERA R,et al.Symptomatic cryptococcal antigenemia present-ing as early cryptococcal meningitis with negative CSF analysis[J].Clin Infect Dis,2018 Sep 25.DOI:10.1093/cid/ciy817.
[6] SCHALLER M A,WICKE F,FOERCH C,et al.Central Nervous System Tuberculosis:Etiology,Clinical Manifestations and Neuroradiological Features[J].Clin Neuroradiol,2018 Sep 17.DOI:10.1007/s00062-018-0726-9.
[7] RAMREZ M,CORTÉS E,BETANCUR J,et al.Cerebral tuberculosis without meningitis in a immunocompetent child[J].Rev Chilena Infectol,2018,35(2):207-212.DOI:10.4067/s0716-10182018000200207.
[8] FRANZINI A,FRANZINI A,LEVI V,et al.An unusual surgical indication for cerebral tuberculosis:status dystonicus.Case report[J].Acta Neurochir (Wien),2018 May 15.DOI:10.1007/s00701-018-3561-5.
[9] KINNUNEN S,KARHAP P,JUUTILAINEN A,et al.Secular Trends in Infection-Related Mortality after Kidney Transplantation[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol.2018,13(5):755-762.DOI:10.2215/CJN.11511017.
[10] AJHOUN Y,LAARIBI N,CHAMMOUT F Z,et al.An atypical presentation of third nerve palsy secondary to tuberculous meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient[J].J Fr Ophtalmol,2018,41(3):e117-e119.DOI:10.1016/j.jfo.2017.10.002.
[11] WALAYAT S,AWWAL T,ROY M,et al.Mycobacterium neoaurum line-related bacteremia with pulmonary involvement:Case report and review of literature[J].IDCases,2018,11:88-90.DOI:10.1016/j.idcr.2018.01.004.
[12] GIRI B R,CHAPAGAIN R H,SHARMA S,et al.Effect of the 2015 earthquake on pediatric inpatient pattern at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal[J].BMC Pediatr,2018,18(1):28.DOI:10.1186/s12887-018-1008-z.
[13] BARRIOS-LAMOTH E,DORTA-CONTRERAS A J.The challenges of a re-emerging disease:tuberculous meningo-encephalitis[J].Rev Neurol,2018,66(2):68.
[14] VALKOV T,HRISTOVA J,TCHERVENIAKOVA T,et al.Blood-Brain Barrier and Intrathecal Immune Response in patients with neuroinfections[J].Infez Med,2017,25(4):320-325.
[15] KOZKO V M,BONDARENKO A V,GAVRYLOV A V,et al.Pathomorphological peculiarities of tuberculous meningoencephalitis associated with HIV infection[J].Interv MedAppl Sci,2017,9(3):144-149.DOI:10.1556/1646.9.2017.31.
[16] ROMERO-IMBRODA J,SAGRARIO-FUSTERO T,DEL CANTO-PÉREZ C,REQUENA-POU M.Postpartum meningoencephalitis and spinal tuberculosis[J].Neurologia,2017 Nov 1.pii:S0213-4853(17)30304-3.DOI:10.1016/j.nrl.2017.08.007.
[17] ERDEM H,OZTURK-ENGIN D,CAG Y,et al.Central nervous system infections in the absence of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis[J].Int J Infect Dis.2017,65:107-109.DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.011.
[18] VALAPPIL A V,THIRUVOTH S,PEEDIKAYIL J M,et al.Differential diagnosis of scrub typhus meningitis from tuberculous meningitis using clinical and laboratory features[J].Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2017,163:76-80.DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.10.022.
[19] HUAMAN C,GALINDO D,QUIJANO-ZAPATA F,et al.Not Available[J].Rev Neurol,2017,65(8):383-384.
[20] MOUHADI K,BOULAHRI T,ROUIMI A.ubercu-lous meningoencephalitis revealed by psychiatric disorders:about a case[J].Pan Afr Med J,2017,27:206.DOI:10.11604/pamj.2017.27.206.12811.
[21] JAVALI M,ACHARYA P,MEHTA A,et al.Use of multiplex PCR based molecular diagnostics in diagnosis of suspected CNS infections in tertiary care setting-A retrospective study[J].Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2017,161:110-116.DOI:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.08.013.
[22] NAMANI S,DRESHAJ S,BERISHA A Z.Tubercu-lous meningoencephalitis associated with brain tuberculomas during pregnancy:a case report[J].J Med Case Rep,2017,11(1):175.DOI:10.1186/s13256-017-1347-7.
[23] MADARAME H,SAITO M,OGIHARA K,et al.Mycobacterium avium subsp.hominissuis menigoence-phalitis in a cat[J].Vet Microbiol,2017,204:43-45.DOI:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.008.
[24] BOULAHRI T,TAOUS A,BERRI M A,et al.Multiple meningeal and cerebral involvement revealing multifocal tuberculosis in an immunocompetent patient[J].Pan Afr Med J,2016,25:231.DOI:10.11604/pamj.2016.25.231.11074.
[25] BERRI MA,ROUIMI A.Syringomyelia as a complication of tuberculous meningoencephalitis[J].Pan Afr Med J.2016,25:141.DOI:10.11604/pamj.2016.25.141.10552.
[26] MBUAGBAW J,JINGI A M,NOUBIAP J J,et al.Patterns and trends in mortality among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients in a major Internal Medicine Unit in Yaoundé,Cameroon:a retrospective cohort study[J].JRSM Open,2016,7(9):2054270416654859.DOI:10.1177/2054270416654859.
[27] lEE H G,WILLIAM T,MENON J,et al.Tuberculous meningitis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in adults with central nervous system infections in Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia:an observational study[J].BMC Infect Dis,2016,16:296.DOI:10.1186/s12879-016-1640-x.
[28] MANEA E,MUNTEANU D,JIPA R,et al.Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in central nervous system tuberculosis[J].Pneumologia,2015,64(4):32-36.
[29] ESTEBAN I,MINCES P,DE CRISTOFANO A M,et al.Central nervous system histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient[J].Arch Argent Pediatr,2016,114(3):e171-174.DOI:10.5546/aap.2016.e171.
[30] GUENIFI W,BOUKHRISSA H,GASMI A,et al.Cerebral venous thrombosis duringtuberculous meningoencephalitis[J].J Mal Vasc,2016,41(3):210-214.DOI:10.1016/j.jmv.2016.03.002.
[31] TALLEY P,HOLZBAUER S,SMITH K,et al.Notes from the Field:Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Meningoencephalitis from a Household Rodent Infestation-Minnesota,2015[J].MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep,2016,65(9):248-9.DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6509a4.
[32] SAVIC I,TRIFUNOVIC-SKODRIC V,MITROVIC D.Clinically unrecognized miliary tuberculosis:an autopsy study[J].Ann Saudi Med,2016,36(1):42-50.DOI:10.5144/0256-4947.2016.42.
[33] WANG H,WANG L,DU F,et al.Bilateral Frosted Branch Angiitis in a Patient with Tuberculous Meningoencephalitis[J].Eye Sci,2015,30(2):75-76.
[34] GIACOMAZZI J,BAETHGEN L,CARNEIRO L C,et al.The burden of serious human fungal infections in Brazil[J].Mycoses,2016,59(3):145-150.DOI:10.1111/myc.12427.
[35] LIU J,LI M,WANG X,et al.Serum uric acid levels in patients with infections of central nervous system[J].Acta Neurol Belg,2016,116(3):303-308.DOI:10.1007/s13760-015-0571-4.
[36] SMITH DARR J,CONN D B.Importation and Transmission of Parasitic and Other Infectious Diseases Associated with International Adoptees and Refugees Immigrating into the United States of America[J].Biomed Res Int,2015,2015:763715.DOI:10.1155/2015/763715.
[37] BLUME J,KSTLER J,WEISSERT R.Benefit of ELISpot in early diagnosis of tuberculous meningoencephalitis:Case report and literature review[J].eNeurologicalSci,2015,1(3/4):51-53.DOI:10.1016/j.ensci.2015.10.004.
[38] CHEN M,WANG X,YU X,et al.Pleural effusion as the initial clinical presentation in disseminated cryptococcosis and fungaemia:an unusual manifestation and a literature review[J].BMC Infect Dis,2015,15:385.DOI:10.1186/s12879-015-1132-4.
[39] DIA N M,DIALLO I,MANGA N M,et al.Interest of ambulatory simplified acute physiology score (ASAPS) applied to patients admitted in an intensive care unit of an infectious diseases unit in Dakar[J].Bull Soc Pathol Exot,2015,108(3):175-180.DOI:10.1007/s13149-015-0418-x.
[40] BACCI C,GALLI L,DE MARTINO M,et al.Fluoroquinolones in children:update of the literature[J].J Chemother,2015,27(5):257-265.DOI:10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000054.
(收稿2018-10-23)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:陈永芳,陈裕.短期加用利奈唑胺治疗难治性结核性脑膜脑炎的疗效分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(2):192-196.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.037
Reference information:CHEN Yongfang,CHEN Yu.Analysis of the curative effect of treatment of refractory tuberculous meningoencephalitis by short-term addition of llinazolamide[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(2):192-196.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.02.037