目的 探讨颈椎手术后并发脑梗死、脑出血磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和磁敏感加权成像(SWI)的影像学特点。方法 选取郑州市骨科医院2010-01—2015-12行颈椎手术后并发脑梗死37例和脑出血14例患者,采用GE 1.5T磁共振,全部常规行MRI、DWI、SWI扫描,对比分析图像特点。结果 颈椎术后并发脑梗死,DWI序列显示为均匀高信号影;SWI序列显示为等信号影,如有继发性出血,SWI序列可见到小斑点状的低信号影。颈椎术后并发脑出血,DWI序列显示出血中心为低信号影,周围可见稍高信号水肿区;SWI出血中心显示为均匀斑片样低信号影,周围可见高信号水肿区。定量分析颈椎术后(≤6 h、7~12 h和13~24 h)3个时间点出血区表现的弥散系数(ADC)值:(3.66±1.05)×10-4、(3.73±0.68)×10-4、(3.79±0.85)×10-4;梗死区ADC值:(6.23±1.13)×10-4、(5.80±2.05)×10-4、(4.86±0.85)×10-4,颈椎术后出血区ADC值低于梗死区ADC值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3个时间点颈椎术后出血区相位(PV)值:—0.70、—0.70、—0.71,梗死区(PV)值:—0.33、—0.34、—0.32,出血区低于梗死区PV,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 根据颈椎术后脑梗死、脑出血DWI、SWI序列的影像学表现特点不同,行快速诊断及鉴别,对临床诊断、病情监测、指导治疗及预后有重大的意义。
颈椎手术后并发脑梗死或脑出血的DWI及SWI特点分析
王 毅 李 明△
郑州市骨科医院,河南 郑州 450000
作者简介:王毅,Email:chuqing961@163.com
△通信作者:李明,Email:18539960130@126.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨颈椎手术后并发脑梗死、脑出血磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和磁敏感加权成像(SWI)的影像学特点。方法 选取郑州市骨科医院2010-01—2015-12行颈椎手术后并发脑梗死37例和脑出血14例患者,采用GE 1.5T磁共振,全部常规行MRI、DWI、SWI扫描,对比分析图像特点。结果 颈椎术后并发脑梗死,DWI序列显示为均匀高信号影;SWI序列显示为等信号影,如有继发性出血,SWI序列可见到小斑点状的低信号影。颈椎术后并发脑出血,DWI序列显示出血中心为低信号影,周围可见稍高信号水肿区;SWI出血中心显示为均匀斑片样低信号影,周围可见高信号水肿区。定量分析颈椎术后(≤6 h、7~12 h和13~24 h)3个时间点出血区表现的弥散系数(ADC)值:(3.66±1.05)×10-4、(3.73±0.68)×10-4、(3.79±0.85)×10-4;梗死区ADC值:(6.23±1.13)×10-4、(5.80±2.05)×10-4、(4.86±0.85)×10-4,颈椎术后出血区ADC值低于梗死区ADC值,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3个时间点颈椎术后出血区相位(PV)值:—0.70、—0.70、—0.71,梗死区(PV)值:—0.33、—0.34、—0.32,出血区低于梗死区PV,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 根据颈椎术后脑梗死、脑出血DWI、SWI序列的影像学表现特点不同,行快速诊断及鉴别,对临床诊断、病情监测、指导治疗及预后有重大的意义。
【关键词】 颈椎手术;磁敏感加权成像;弥散加权成像;脑梗死;脑出血
【中图分类号】 R445.2 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2019)04-0413-06 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.04.128
Characteristics of MRI DWI and SWI in patients with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage after cervical spine surgery
WANG Yi,LI Ming
Zhengzhou Orthopaedics Hospital,Zhengzhou 450000,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the imaging features of DWI (magnetic resonance diffusion weighted imaging) and SWI (magnetic susceptibility weighted imaging) in patients with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage after cervical spine surgery.Method The 1.5 Tesla MRI DWI and SWI images of 14 cerebral hemorrhage cases and 37 cerebral infarction cases after cervical surgery in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2015 were taken retrospective analysis.Results After cervical surgery,the DWI sequence showed a uniform high signal;SWI sequence showed equal signal shadow;If the occurrence of secondary hemorrhage,SWI sequence showed punctate low signal intensity.After the operation of cervical vertebrae,the DWI sequence showed that the hemorrhage center was a low signal,and a little high signal edema area was found.The SWI hemorrhage Center showed a uniform patchy low signal and a high signal edema area.The quantitative analysis showed that the diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the bleeding area at three time points after cervical surgery (6h,7-12h,and 13-24h) were 3.66±1.05,3.73±0.68,3.79±0.85(×10-4).The ADC value of infarct area were 6.23±1.13,5.80±2.05 and 4.86±0.85(×10-4),respectively.The value of ADC in cervical hemorrhage area was lower than that of ADC,which was statistically significant (P<0.05).The PV values of the three postoperative cervical hemorrhage area were-0.70,-0.70 and -0.71,respectively.The PV values of infarct size were -0.33,-0.34 and-0.32,respectively.The PV value of the bleeding area was significantly lower than the PV value of the infarct area (P<0.05).Conclusion According to the imaging characteristics of DWI and SWI sequence of cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage after cervical vertebra surgery,the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disease could be taken quickly.It is of great significance for clinical diagnosis,condition monitoring,guiding treatment and prognosis.
【Key words】 Cervical spine surgery;SWI;DWI;Cerebral infarction;Cerebral hemorrhage
颈椎手术是骨科高风险手术[1-7]。根据病情特点,手术治疗方法分为颈椎前路手术、颈椎后路手术、颈椎前后路联合手术[8-9]。手术可以解除神经根及脊髓压迫,改善神经功能,预后良好。颈椎前路手术后可出现脊髓神经根损伤、椎动脉损伤、食管损伤、喉返神经及喉上神经损伤、硬脊膜损伤、切口处血肿等并发症;颈椎后路常见脊髓及神经根损伤、硬膜外血肿等并发症[9-10]。 颈椎手术后并发脑梗死及脑出血并不常见[11-12],一旦发生,影响预后,严重者危及生命,临床表现与颈椎术后并发症症状有许多类似[13]。本文回顾分析颈椎手术后并发脑梗死及脑出血常规磁共振、磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和磁敏感加权成像(SWI)的影像学特点。
1 资料和方法
1.1 一般资料 选取郑州市骨科医院2010-01—2015-12收治的颈椎手术后继发脑梗死37例和脑出血14例,男31例,女20例,年龄47~88(68.4±6.9)岁。颈椎术后继发脑梗死患者≤6 h行MRI检查 6例,7~12 h 19例,13~24 h 12例;颈椎术后继发脑出血≤6 h检查 3例,7~12 h 4例,13~24 h 7例。所有病例符合1995年第4届全国脑血管病学术大会制定的诊断标准[3]。另选取10例正常志愿者进行MRI检查作参考对照。
1.2 检查方法 采用GE 1.5T磁共振,8通道头颅线圈扫描。全部行常规横断位T1WI、 T2WI、 FLAIR、SWI、 DWI扫描。原始图像传送至PACS系统工作站进行SWI及DWI图像后处理,绘出相应表现的磁敏感加权成像相位图及弥散系数图(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),并在弥散系数图上测定感兴趣区(ROI)的ADC值以及磁敏感加权成像相位图上测定ROI的相位(phase value,PV)值。
1.3 测量指标 观察颈椎术后脑梗死与脑出血病变SWI和DWI的不同表现及特点,并进行病变中心及周围ROI的ADC值和PV值的定量测量。
1.4 统计学处理 所有数据用SPSS 17.0进行统计学处理。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,行t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
颈椎术后脑梗死患者DWI信号表现为明显高信号影,随着时间增长信号增高迅速,边界变清晰。SWI信号未见明显异常,随时间延长,如伴出血,影像上可见斑点状低信号影。颈椎术后脑出血患者DWI血肿的中心信号呈明显低信号影,周围可见水肿高信号影环绕,边界尚清;SWI显示血肿中心为明显低信号影,周围信号随时间延长逐渐增高,边界尚清[14]。见图1、图2。
图1 A:左侧顶叶脑梗死合并出血DWI图像上片状高信号影内可见低信号影;B:左侧顶叶脑梗死合并出血SWI图像上可清晰显示其内低信号出血信号影
Figure 1 A:Left lobular cerebral infarction with hemorrhage DWI images can be seen in the high-signal image on the DWI image;B:Left lobular cerebral infarction with hemorrhage SWI image can clearly show the low signal bleeding signal
图2 A:T2WI示双侧丘脑小点状稍高信号影;B:T2FLAIR示双侧丘脑小点状稍长、稍低信号影;C:T1FLAIR示双侧丘脑小点状稍低信号影;D:DWI示双侧丘脑斑点状低信号,周围见稍高信号环绕,严重程度为中度;E:SWI示双侧丘脑小点状低信号影严重程度为重;F:MinIP示双侧丘脑多发微出血灶,呈较均匀低信号影,部分病灶矢状位表现为上下径较长的低信号影
Figure 2 A: T2WI showed a slightly higher signal intensity on the bilateral thalamus; B:T2FLAIR showed a slightly longer, slightly lower signal on the bilateral thalamus;C: T1FLAIR showed a slightly lower signal on the bilateral thalamus; D: DWI showed a low signal on both sides of the thalamus, surrounded by a slightly higher signal, with a moderate degree of severity;E: SWI showed that the small signal intensity of the bilateral thalamus was heavy; F:MinIP showed multiple microhemorrhages in the bilateral thalamus, showing a relatively uniform low signal, and the sagittal position of some lesions was lower than the upper and lower diameters. Signal shadow
定量测量显示,正常志愿者ADC值(7.47±1.15)×10-4,基底节区PV值—(0.03±0.02),基底节区外脑实质PV值0.04±0.02。颈椎术后脑出血与颈椎术后脑梗死病变中心ADC值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);颈椎术后脑出血与颈椎术后脑梗死出血区PV值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颈椎术后脑梗死及脑出血ADC值及PV值得变化见表1、2。
表1 颈椎术后脑梗死各时间段ADC及PV值改变 (x±s)
Table 1 Changes in ADC and PV values of cervical infarction at various time points after cervical spine surgery (x±s)
时间
|
cADC/pADC(×10-4)
|
PV(HT)
|
≤6 h
|
6.23±1.13/6.13±0.96
|
-0.33±0.08
|
7~12 h
|
5.80±2.05/6.25±1.42
|
-0.34±0.12
|
13~24 h
|
4.86±0.85/7.08±1.64
|
-0.32±0.13
|
表2 颈椎术后脑出血各时间段ADC及PV值改变 (x±s)
Table 2 Changes in ADC and PV values of cerebral hemorrhage after cervical spine surgery (x±s)
时间
|
cADC/pADC(×10-4)
|
cPV/PPV
|
≤6 h
|
3.66±1.05/7.62±1.18
|
-0.70±0.11/0.25±0.07
|
7~12 h
|
3.73±0.68/7.90±1.49
|
-0.70±0.08/0.39±0.04
|
13~24 h
|
3.79±0.85/8.88±0.95
|
-0.71±0.06/0.48±0.02
|
注:C代表病变中心,P代表病变周围
3 讨论
颈椎病手术后脑梗死及脑出血与颈椎病本身及颈椎病术后常见并发症的症状、表现相似度高,给临床医师早期诊断颈椎术后脑梗死及脑出血造成干扰。本文旨在提高大夫及影像诊断人员对颈椎术后并发脑梗死及脑出血的风险认识,临床出现可疑表现时尽早内科会诊并行颅脑MRI。
随着医学影像技术发展、磁共振的新功能不断开发、应用,近几年为临床血管病的快速诊断提供可靠依据[15-16]。SWI是以T2*加权梯度回波序列作为基础,同时获得磁矩图像(magnitude image)和相位图像(phase image)原始图像,2组图像对称出现,所对应的解剖结构完全一致[17]。SWI主要原理是根据不同组织间的磁敏感性差异提供图像对比增强,顺磁性物质经过磁场磁化后产生与外磁场相同方向的感应磁场,使局部静磁场增大,而逆磁性物质则产生相反方向的感应磁场,使局部静磁场减小, 采用高分辨率、三维完全流动补偿的梯度回波序列进行扫描所得图像[18-20]。SWI是基于GRE技术,利用组织磁敏感性不同成像,在显示颅内小静脉及出血方面优于常规MRI扫描序列,对微小出血灶的显示敏感,常用PV值反映血管外铁离子的含量,对血液代谢物敏感[21-22],弥补了常规MRI扫描序列对颅脑损伤程度及预后评估存在的不足。
DWI是基于平面回波(ERI)技术,是观察水分子微观弥散运动的成像方法,ADC值代表水分子的扩散能力,DWI能提供与常规序列不同的成像完全不同的成像对比[23] 。在临床脑梗死的诊断中广泛应用[24-25]。
颈椎术后脑梗死区DWI出现高信号的病理改变是细胞毒性水肿,以及随后出现的血管源性水肿,所以,临床诊断脑梗死有重要的应用价值[21-26]。
本组37例颈椎术后脑梗死患者DWI序列病变表现为高信号影,且逐渐增高,边缘逐渐清晰,ADC值迅速下降,明显优于常规MRI序列。本组14例颈椎术后脑出血期患者,血肿中心呈低信号影,周围可见高信号环绕,且逐渐推移扩大,ADC值明显低于对侧。
MRI影像数据研究显示,颈椎术后脑梗死患者ADC值逐渐降低,PV值略降低,颈椎术后脑出血区 患者ADC值、PV值明显降低,且脑出血患者ADC值明显低于脑梗死。颈椎术后脑出血患者PV值明显低于术后脑梗死后出血转化,说明通过ADC值及PV值的测量、能够为病情的演变提供更多的提示,为颈椎病继发脑梗死和脑出血的鉴别提供更加明确及精确的数据。
根据颈椎术后脑梗死、脑出血DWI、SWI序列的影像学表现特点及鉴别要点,行快速诊断及鉴别,可对临床诊断定性、病情监测、指导治疗及预后提供可靠精准的影像学依据。
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(收稿2019-01-17)
本文责编:关慧
本文引用信息:王毅,李明.颈椎手术后并发脑梗死或脑出血的DWI及SWI特点分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2019,22(4):413-418.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.04.128
Reference information:WANG Yi,LI Ming.Characteristics of MRI DWI and SWI in patients with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage after cervical spine surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2019,22(4):413-418.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2019.04.128