锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者椎动脉血流动力学的改变临床分析
刘卫勇1) 丁作鹏1) 叶 磊1) 周孟然2)
1)中国科学技术大学附属第一医院,安徽 合肥 230036 2)安徽理工大学电气与信息工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
基金项目:安徽省科技重大专项项目(编号:201903a07020013)作者简介:刘卫勇,Email:lwy_ultras@126.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨动脉粥样硬化所致的锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)椎动脉内血流动力学改变。方法 选取中国科学技术大学附属第一医院2018-01—2019-11经超声检查发现SSS患者47例,测量锁骨下动脉狭窄程度并比较各型之间椎动脉管腔内径及收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)。 结果 Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型SSS病变部位比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各型SSS与患侧锁骨下动脉狭窄程度呈正相关(P<0.05),相关系数rs为0.11[95% CI(0.07~0.15)]。Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型SSS管腔内径健侧大于患侧,PSV健侧快于患侧;Ⅲ型SSS管腔内径健侧与患侧差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但PSV健侧快于患侧反向PSV。健侧各型SSS之间管腔内径比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),PSV比较Ⅲ型快于Ⅰ型。患侧各型SSS之间管腔内径两两之间比较Ⅲ型大于Ⅰ型,PSV比较Ⅲ型快于Ⅰ型。 结论 锁骨下动脉狭窄程度与SSS的类型呈正相关,SSS的类型与盗血通路通畅性密切相关。
【关键词】 超声;锁骨下动脉盗血;动脉粥样硬化;椎动脉;血流动力学
【中图分类号】 R543.5;R445.1 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2020)22-1944-05 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2020.22.008
Analysis of vertebral artery hemodynamic characteristics of atherosclerotic subclavian artery steal syndrome
LIU Weiyong1),YE Lei1),DING Zuopeng1),ZHOU Mengran2)
1)The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Techology of China,Hefei 230036,China;2)Anhui University of Science and Technology,Institute of Electrical & Information Engineering,Huai’nan 232001,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate hemodynamic changes in vertebral arteries of atherosclerotic subclavian artery steal syndrome (SSS).Methods A total of 47 cases of SSS were selected from the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Techology of China from January 2018 to November 2019.The degree of subclavian stenosis was measured by ultrasonography,and the vertebral artery lumen diameter and peak systolic blood flow velocity (PSV) were compared among types.Results There was no significant difference in the types of SSS of type Ⅰ,type Ⅱ,and type Ⅲ (P>0.05).Each type of SSS was positively correlated with the degree of stenosis of the ipsilateral subclavian artery(P<0.05).The correlation coefficient rs was 0.11(95% confidence interval (0.07~0.15)).Luminal diameter of type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ was larger than that of affected side,and PSV of nomal side was faster than that of affected side.Luminal diameter of Type Ⅲ was not significantly different from that of affected side (P>0.05).Howerer,PSV of normal side was faster than that of affected side PSV.There was no significant difference in the luminal diameter between the different types of SSS on the normal side (P>0.05),but the PSV of type Ⅲ was faster than the type Ⅰ.The luminal diameter of type Ⅲ on the affected side was larger than that of type Ⅰ,and the PSV of type Ⅲ was faster compared with type Ⅰ.Conclusion The degree of subclavian arterial stenosis is positively correlated with the type of SSS,and the type of SSS is closely related to the patency of blood stealing pathways.
【Key words】 Ultrasound;Subclavian artery steal syndrome;Atherosclerosis;Vertebral artery;Hemodynamics
锁骨下动脉狭窄或闭塞的发病率约占外周血管病变的20%[1-2]。锁骨下动脉狭窄导致的锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(subclavian artery steal syndrome,SSS)是一种相对少见的脑血管疾病[3],正常人发病率2.5%~4.5%[4],该病与吸烟及胆固醇水平升高呈明显相关性。SSS患者临床症状通常不明显,严重狭窄患者可表现出上肢症状或与锁骨下动脉病理相关的症状。上肢症状包括上肢易疲劳、静息痛、肌无力、指动脉栓塞等。与锁骨下动脉病理相关的症状由于近端锁骨下动脉狭窄导致远端锁骨下动脉压力减低,压力差导致闭合的椎基底动脉液压系统发生血流反向,将健侧血流“虹吸”至患侧[5-6],患者可能出现头晕、肢体无力、皮肤温降低、感觉异常等临床症状[7]。
由于临床过程中血压的测量通常测定的是单侧上肢血压,由于SSS多伴有双上肢血压不对称,仅测量单侧上肢血压易导致SSS漏诊。研究表明,双上肢肱动脉收缩压差超过10 mmHg的普通人群发病率为3.6%~9.4%,当双上肢肱动脉收缩压差超过20 mmHg时,与SSS呈明显的相关性,且65.5%的患者可以出现有临床意义的SSS。同时69.2%的SSS患者双上肢肱动脉收缩压差>20 mmHg,具有临床症状的SSS患者双上肢肱动脉收缩压差为(20.5±5.3)mmHg[8]。因此,临床过程中仅测量单侧上肢肱动脉血压易导致SSS的漏诊。
随着技术的发展及分辨力的提高,超声可清晰显示管腔较细的椎动脉,通过评估椎动脉血管内血流方向及血流流速,从而对SSS进行诊断并对其分级,并可直接观察到锁骨下动脉狭窄情况,是首选的无创性诊断SSS的影像学检查方法[9-10]。本研究分析47例动脉粥样硬化导致的SSS,探讨不同类型椎动脉血流变化的超声特征。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象 2018-01―2019-11在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院颈动脉超声检查中发现SSS患者47例。纳入标准:动脉粥样硬化导致SSS。排除标准:大动脉炎、放射暴露、压迫综合征、纤维肌发育不良、神经纤维瘤病等疾病导致的SSS。47例患者中男29例,女18例,年龄48~91(70.5±9.3)岁。22例(46.8%)临床诊断为梗死,7例(14.9%)临床诊断为高血压,2例临床诊断为短暂性脑缺血发作。
1.2 研究方法 检查使用Philips iU Elite 型超声诊断仪,7~10 MHz线阵探头和2~5 MHz凸阵探头。先采用线阵超声探头观察颈动脉及椎动脉V2段,椎动脉血流测量位置在C4-5或C5-6段,CDFI识别血管内血流方向,PW测量时取样框放置血管中央,容积为血管内径的1/2~2/3,脉冲重复频率为3.0 kHz[11-12]。测量收缩期峰值血流流速(peakp systolic velocity,PSV),正向血流记录正向PSV,正负双向血流记录正向或反向侧PSV、取最大值,完全反向记录反向PSV,同时记录对侧椎动脉PSV。依据椎动脉血流形态将SSS分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型[13]。见图1。采用2~5 MHz凸阵探头观察椎动脉V1段及锁骨下动脉,依据北美缺血性脑血管病协作组的诊断标准评估锁骨下动脉狭窄程度[14]。
图1 SSS椎动脉血流频谱分型 A:正常椎动脉频谱,B、C和D:Ⅰ型SSS,E:Ⅱ型SSS,F:Ⅲ型SSS
Figure 1 Types of vertebral artery using Doppler ultrasound.Normal vertebral artery (A),type Ⅰ (B,C,and D),typeⅡ(E),type Ⅲ (F)
1.3 统计学处理 采用Stata/SE 12.0(Statacorp LP.USA)统计学软件进行分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示。SSS病变部位各型之间比较采用χ2检验的校正法,SSS各型与锁骨下动脉狭窄程度相关性比较采用Spearman等级相关分析,各型健侧与患侧椎动脉管腔内径及PSV比较采用方差分析,各型椎动脉管腔内径及PSV之间两两比较采用LSD检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 SSS分型及病变部位 47例SSS患者中Ⅰ型20例(42.55%),Ⅱ型15例(31.91%),Ⅲ型12例(25.53%)。病变发生于左侧24例(51.06%),发生于右侧23例(48.94%)。Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型SSS病变部位比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.811)。见表1。
表1 3种类型SSS病变部位比较 [n(%)]
Table 1 Comparison of sites among three types of SSS [n(%)]
分型 |
n |
病变部位 |
左侧 |
右侧 |
Ⅰ型 |
20 |
9(45.0) |
11(55.0) |
Ⅱ型 |
15 |
8(53.3) |
7(46.7) |
Ⅲ型 |
12 |
7(58.3) |
5(41.7) |
图2 SSS各型与锁骨下动脉狭窄程度相关性,灰色区域为置信区间
Figure 2 Correlation between types of SSS and the degree of stenosis in subclavian artery.The grey region is the confidence interval
2.2 各型SSS与锁骨下动脉狭窄程度相关性 各型SSS与患侧锁骨下动脉狭窄程度呈正相关(P=0.00),相关系数rs为0.11[95% CI(0.07~0.15)]。见图2。
2.3 各型健侧与患侧椎动脉管腔内径及PSV比较及各型椎动脉管腔内径及PSV之间两两比较 Ⅰ型SSS管腔内径健侧大于患侧(P=0.001),正向PSV健侧快于患侧(P=0.000);Ⅱ型SSS管腔内径健侧大于患侧(P=0.005),反向PSV健侧快于患侧(P=0.000);Ⅲ型SSS管腔内径健侧与患侧差异无统计学意义(P=0.78),但正向PSV健侧快于患侧反向PSV(P=0.04)。健侧各型SSS之间管腔内径两两之间比较Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型之间差异均没有统计学意义(P=0.669);健侧各型之间正向PSV两两之间比较Ⅲ型快于Ⅰ型,而Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型、Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型之间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.017)。患侧各型SSS之间管腔内径两两之间比较Ⅲ型大于Ⅰ型,而Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型、Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型之间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.029);患侧各型之间PSV两两之间比较Ⅲ型反向PSV快于Ⅰ型正向PSV,而Ⅰ型正向PSV与Ⅱ型反向PSV、Ⅱ型反向PSV与Ⅲ型反向PSV之间两两比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.000)。见表2。
2.4 SSS合并椎动脉狭窄 47例SSS患者右侧椎动脉狭窄4例,左侧椎动脉狭窄3例、闭塞2例。其中3例患侧SSS而健侧椎动脉起始部狭窄、患侧椎动脉正常,2例患侧SSS合并同侧椎动脉起始部狭窄、健侧椎动脉正常,1例右侧Ⅲ型SSS合并右侧椎动脉起始部狭窄、左侧椎动脉闭塞,1例右侧Ⅲ型SSS右侧椎动脉内径正常而左侧椎动脉闭塞、侧支建立供血至右侧椎动脉。见图3。
表2 SSS患者健侧与患侧椎动脉管腔内径及PSV比较 (±s)
Table 2 Comparison of luminal diameter and PSV in vertebral artery between affected side and normal side of SSS (±s)
分型 |
n |
健侧 |
|
患侧 |
内径(mm) |
PSV(cm/s) |
|
内径(mm) |
PSV(cm/s) |
Ⅰ型 |
20 |
3.25±0.48 |
61.25±22.09 |
|
2.60±0.65 |
35.15±14.07 |
Ⅱ型 |
15 |
3.39±0.72 |
76.47±33.11 |
|
2.71±0.48 |
32.47±17.07 |
Ⅲ型 |
12 |
3.23±0.80 |
92.67±33.79 |
|
3.11±1.27 |
67.08±23.78 |
F值 |
|
0.41 |
4.45 |
|
3.83 |
15.39 |
P值 |
|
0.669 |
0.017 |
|
0.029 |
0 |
图3 Ⅱ型SSS A:右侧锁骨下动脉起始部狭窄;B:左侧椎动脉血流频谱正向;C:CDFI右侧椎动脉血流反向;D:右侧椎动脉血流频谱收缩期反向,舒张期正向
Figure 3 Ⅱ types of SSS.A:Stenosis at the beginning of the right subclavian artery;B:Positive vertebral artery Doppler flow on the left side;C:right vertebral artery blood flow reversed on CDFI;D:Right vertebral artery Doppler flow reversed during systole whereas positive in diastole
3 讨论
SSS是临床上少见的头颈血管疾病,1961年REIVICH等首次在《新英格兰医学杂志》上描述了由于血流反流导致的神经系统症状,几个月后MILLER等在其他杂志上第一次采用了”Subclavian Steal”这个术语[15]。虽然多数情况下SSS患者无明显症状,但有意义的狭窄可导致上肢症状或与锁骨下动脉盗血病理相关的临床症状。上肢症状包括上肢不能正常上抬、肢体静息疼或无力、肢体血管栓塞等[16]。>90%的SSS是由于动脉粥样硬化所致,血流动力学因素和剪切压机制导致近端锁骨下动脉狭窄[17],锁骨下动脉远端血流量降低、同侧椎动脉血流部分或完全反向,但大多数患者并不出现明显临床症状,椎动脉供血不足的相关临床症状包括眩晕、恶心、晕厥、头晕或眼科疾病[18]。
2014年ESC/EACTS 心肌血运重建临床指南指出双侧上肢动脉测量压差是最简单经济的诊断方法,多数SSS患者可发现双侧上肢肢体收缩压差>15 mmHg,但合并双侧锁骨下动脉狭窄时可能出现漏诊[19]。超声检查是非侵袭性影像学检查方法[20-21],与数字减影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)相比,超声检查的敏感性和特异性分别达到73%和91%[22]。
通常成年男性左侧锁骨下动脉近心端内径8~10 mm,成年女性内径7~9 mm。以往研究表明左侧SSS发病多于右侧,这是由于左侧锁骨下动脉走行于前斜角肌内侧,容易发生血流限流病,另外,左侧锁骨下动脉起始部和升主动脉弓之间夹角较大,导致左侧锁骨下动脉管腔内血流紊乱,因此左侧锁骨下动脉病变发病率是主动脉弓以上其他血管的3倍[23]。本研究虽然SSS发病部位左侧和右侧相比没有统计学差异,这可能是由于本组研究病例偏少有关。
本研究表明,SSS分型与是锁骨下动脉狭窄程度呈正相关,表明锁骨下动脉狭窄程度越大,则越容易发生同侧椎动脉完全型血流反流,但这也与血流反流通路是否通畅有关[24]。本组研究发现,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型健侧椎动脉内径大于患侧,Ⅲ型椎动脉内径健侧和患侧之间没有差异,表明盗血通路的顺畅性是发生SSS的前提,患侧椎动脉内径约宽,越容易发生血流反流。本研究发现各型SSS血流流速健侧均大于患侧,这是由于健侧流体压力高于患侧所致。健侧各型之间椎动脉管腔内径无显著性差异,而患侧椎动脉管腔内径Ⅲ型大于Ⅰ型,表明Ⅰ型SSS的发生与患侧椎动脉盗血通路不通畅、多数Ⅰ型SSS患侧椎动脉可能伴有先天性管腔纤细有关。
本研究发现SSS可合并患侧或健侧椎动脉狭窄的发生,甚至当健侧椎动脉发生狭窄或闭塞时,当患侧椎动脉通畅时,椎动脉可通过再通的侧支血管供血至患侧,表明在盗血的通路上血管发生狭窄或闭塞性病变时,可能会出现盗血程度或类型与SSS狭窄程度的不一致性[25]。
超声可依据血流频谱诊断SSS并进行分型,锁骨下动脉狭窄程度与SSS的类型有关,SSS的类型需要结合盗血通路是否通畅进行分析,从而综合评估SSS的血流动力学特征。
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(收稿2020-08-02)
本文责编:张喜民
本文引用信息:刘卫勇,丁作鹏,叶磊,周孟然.锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者椎动脉血流动力学的改变临床分析[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2020,23(22):1944-1948.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2020.22.008
Reference information:LIU Weiyong,YE Lei,DING Zuopeng,ZHOU Mengran.Analysis of vertebral artery hemodynamic characteristics of atherosclerotic subclavian artery steal syndrome[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2020,23(22):1944-1948.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2020.22.008