目的 探讨分期和同期分流修补术治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水疗效及安全性差异。方法 选取解放军第425医院2013-03—2017-03收治颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水患者共84例,随机分为分期组(42例)和同期组(42例),分别采用分期和同期分流修补术治疗,比较2组临床疗效,手术前后GCS评分和GOS评分,术后并发症发生率。结果 同期组临床疗效显著优于分期组(P<0.05);同期组术后GCS评分和GOS评分均显著高于分期组、术前(P<0.05);同时同期组术后并发症发生率显著高于分期组(P<0.
两种手术方式治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水对比研究
陈宏尊 庞元龙△
解放军第425医院神经外科,海南 三亚 572008
作者简介:陈宏尊,Email:chenhz425@163.com
△通信作者:庞元龙,Email:cd98a2cb@163.com
【摘要】 目的 探讨分期和同期分流修补术治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水疗效及安全性差异。方法 选取解放军第425医院2013-03—2017-03收治颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水患者共84例,随机分为分期组(42例)和同期组(42例),分别采用分期和同期分流修补术治疗,比较2组临床疗效,手术前后GCS评分和GOS评分,术后并发症发生率。结果 同期组临床疗效显著优于分期组(P<0.05);同期组术后GCS评分和GOS评分均显著高于分期组、术前(P<0.05);同时同期组术后并发症发生率显著高于分期组(P<0.05)。结论 分期分流修补术用于颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水患者治疗可有效避免术后并发症发生,改善临床预后;而同期分流修补术应用则能够控制临床症状,降低颅内压,促进脑室缩小,并有助于减轻伤残程度。
【关键词】 颅脑损伤;交通性脑积水;分流修补术;颅内压;伤残程度
【中图分类号】 R651+5 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1673-5110(2018)20-2222-04 DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.480
Comparison of two surgical methods for the treatment of hydrocephalus after decompression of craniocerebral injury
CHEN Hongzun,PANG Yuanlong
Department of Neurosurgery,the 425th Hospital of PLA,Sanya 572008,China
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of staging and concurrent shunt repair in the treatment of hydrocephalus after craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 84 patients with traffic hydrocephalus after decompression of craniocerebral injury were enrolled in the 425th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army from March 2013 to March 2017.They were randomly divided into a staging group (42 cases) and a contemporaneous group (42 cases).Stage and concurrent shunt repair,compare the clinical efficacy of the two groups,GCS score and GOS score before and after surgery,postoperative complication rate.Results The clinical efficacy of the same group was significantly better than that of the staging group (P<0.05).The GCS score and GOS score of the same group were significantly higher than those of the staging group and preoperative group (P<0.05).The postoperative complications incidence of staging group were significant higher than simultaneous group(p<0.05).Conclusion Staging shunt repair for patients with traffic hydrocephalus after decompression of craniocerebral injury can effectively prevent postoperative complications and improve clinical prognosis.Simultaneous shunt repair can control clinical symptoms and reduce intracranial pressure.It promotes the reduction of the ventricles and helps to reduce the degree of disability.
【Key words】 Staging operation;Simultaneous operation;Shunt repair;Intracranial pressure;Degree of disability
对于颅脑损伤继发颅内压显著增高患者临床常规采用去骨瓣减压术治疗,且已被证实能够快速有效控制颅内压,降低病死率[1-2]。但国外随访报道提示[3-4],该类患者行减压术后较易在6个月内发生脑积水,且以交通性脑积水最为常见。目前临床治疗颅脑外伤继发脑积水多选择分流修补术,并取得满意效果[6-7],但是否应同期完成此手术医学界并无明确定论,且国内针对此方面对照研究仍相对较少。本文旨在探讨分期和同期分流修补术治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水的疗效及安全性,为手术方案选择提供更多临床依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料 选取解放军第425医院2013-03—2017-03收治颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水患者84例,随机分为分期组和同期组各42例;分期组中男30例,女12例;年龄(36.12±6.53)岁,颅骨缺损面积(204.69±33.30)cm2;同期组中男28例,女14例;年龄(36.30±6.59)岁,颅骨缺损面积(205.11±33.42)cm2。2组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
1.1.1 纳入标准:①符合《中国脑积水规范化治疗专家共识(2013版)》诊断标准[8];②颅脑损伤减压术后6个月内发病;③影像学检查确认侧脑室扩张;④脑室/头顶间径>0.26;⑤年龄65岁以内;⑥方案经伦理委员会批准,且患者家属知情同意。
1.1.2 排除标准:①其他原因导致脑室扩大;②颅骨缺损直径在3 cm以内;③合并急性脑积水;④造血系统疾病;⑤心、脑、肝、肾功能不全;⑥免疫系统疾病;⑦妊娠、哺乳期女性。
1.2 治疗方法 分期组行分期分流颅骨修补术治疗,首先完成LPS/VPS分流,在于术后4周行颅骨修补术;其中LPS分流术操作步骤:腰椎穿刺后作长5 cm切口,退出针芯观察脑脊液流出后拔针;沿穿刺针套置入分流管10~12 cm,脑脊液流出后再继续进针5 cm拔出穿刺针;分别于穿刺点水平面髂棘前内侧和腹直肌旁切开5 cm,依次置入腰穿分流管、腹腔端分流管,采用皮下通条连接腹腔、髂棘处切口;调压分流阀门连接固定后缝皮;VPS分流术操作步骤:于侧脑室处穿刺并继续刺入脑室,置管6~8 cm后保证腹腔端达腹腔内20~30 cm;枕部置入分流泵,颅骨修补均采用钛网。同期组则行同期分流修补术治疗,首先完成LPS/VPS分流术,待完成脑脊液引流、降低颅内压至膨出脑组织回缩达骨窗缘平面及以下后再行颅骨钛网修补。
1.3 观察指标 (1)昏迷程度评价参考GCS量表[9],包括睁眼、语言及运动3部分,总分15分,分值越低则昏迷越严重;(2)临床预后评价参考GOS量表,包括死亡、植物状态、重度残疾、中度残疾及良好5级,分值范围0~4分,分值越高提示临床预后越佳[9];(3)术后并发症包括感染、局部血肿、引流管堵塞、分流异常及癫痫。
1.4 疗效判定标准[9] (1)显效:症状明显减轻或基本消失,颅内压显著降低,且影像学证实脑室缩小;(2)有效:症状有所减轻,颅内压有所降低,但影像学证实脑室未缩小;(3)无效:未达上述标准。
1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以百分率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。检验水准为α=0.05。
2 结果
2.1 2组临床疗效比较 同期组临床疗效显著优于分期组(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2 2组手术前后GCS评分和GOS评分比较 同期组术后GCS评分和GOS评分均显著高于分期组、术前(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 2组术后并发症发生率比较 同期组术后并发症发生率显著高于分期组(P<0.05)。见表3。
表1 2组临床疗效比较 [n(%)]
Table 1 Comparison of clinical effects of 2 groups [n(%)]
组别 |
n |
显效 |
有效 |
无效 |
总有效率/% |
分期组 |
42 |
17(40.47) |
14(33.33) |
11(26.19) |
73.81 |
同期组 |
42 |
22(52.38) |
16(30.09) |
4(9.52) |
90.48※ |
注:与分期组相比,※P<0.05
表2 2组手术前后GCS评分和GOS评分比较 (x±s,分)
Table 2 Comparison of GCS score and GOS scorebefore and after surgery in 2 groups (x±s,score)
组别 |
n |
GCS评分 |
|
GOS评分 |
术前 |
术后6个月 |
|
术前 |
术后6个月 |
分期组 |
42 |
7.34±1.41 |
10.32±1.52△ |
|
2.16±0.52 |
3.59±0.74△ |
同期组 |
42 |
7.22±1.35 |
12.99±1.84※△ |
|
2.11±0.50 |
4.24±0.92※△ |
注:与分期组相比,※P<0.05;与术前比较,△P<0.05
表3 2组术后并发症发生率比较 [n(%)]
Table 3 Comparison of postoperative complication rates in 2 groups [n(%)]
组别 |
n |
感染 |
局部血肿 |
引流管堵塞 |
分流异常 |
癫痫 |
术后并发症发生率/% |
分期组 |
42 |
1(2.4) |
0 |
1(2.4) |
0 |
0 |
4.76 |
同期组 |
42 |
2(4.8) |
1(2.4) |
4(9.5) |
1(2.4) |
1(2.4) |
21.43※ |
注:与分期组相比,※P<0.05
3 讨论
研究显示[10-12],颅脑损伤患者因大量血肿存在,多需通过开颅去骨瓣减压以快速消除占位,控制颅内压升高;尽管去骨瓣减压术应用效果良好,但随之而来较高脑积水继发率给临床预后改善带来严重影响,部分学者报道总发生率甚至可达50%。目前有关颅脑损伤减压术后继发脑积水具体机制仍未彻底阐明,其中术中损伤蛛网膜颗粒及气压改变导致脑脊液吸收障碍在其发生、发展过程中发挥关键作用[13-14]。
颅脑损伤减压术后脑积水采用传统保守治疗仅能部分缓解临床症状,无法彻底消除病因[15];微创第三脑室造瘘术被相关指南推荐为非交通性脑积水首选治疗方案,但对于继发交通性脑积水患者是否使用仍存在较大争议[16-17]。近年来国外学者采用分流修补联合术式治疗颅脑损伤减压术后脑积水的效果良好[18-19],该术式一方面能够改善大脑正常解剖形态,降低颅内压;另一方面有助于保护颅脑生理功能,避免神经系统损伤持续加重,这对于降低致死、致残率,改善远期预后具有重要意义[20];但对于分流和颅骨修补手术同期还是分期完成更有助于提高总体疗效争议仍较大[22-22]。
部分学者认为,对于颅脑损伤减压术后继发交通性脑积水患者早期急性颅骨修补或成形,因硬脑膜或纤维结缔组织欠致密完整,较易诱发术后皮下积液或感染,不利于临床预后改善[23-25]。但有研究显示[26-27],行去骨瓣减压术患者术后前3个月内中枢神经系统功能恢复最快,故越早完成颅骨修补越有助于保护神经功能。本研究中,同期组临床疗效显著优于分期组(P<0.05);同期组术后GCS评分和GOS评分均显著高于分期组、术前(P<0.05),表明同期分流修补术治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水有助于减轻临床症状,促进受损神经功能恢复及改善临床预后。研究显示[28],同期分流修补术操作过程中首先通过LPS/VPS分流促进膨出脑组织回落,实现颅腔原有形态恢复,这对于降低于颅内压和保护脑部正常生理功能具有重要意义;同时,其有效引流脑脊液可尽可能预防脑组织直接受压,实现术侧脑组织最大限度减压,进而保证脑部充足血流灌注。
本研究中,同期组术后并发症发生率显著高于分期组(P<0.05),证实颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水患者采用同期分流修补术有可能增加分期手术后并发症发生风险,与既往研究基本一致,分析认为,早期手术治疗后脑组织屏障缺损修复多不完善可能是导致这一现象发生的主要原因[29]。
分期分流修补术治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水,可有效避免术后并发症发生,改善临床预后;而同期分流修补术则能够控制临床症状,降低颅内压,促进脑室缩小,并有助于减轻伤残程度。
4 参考文献
[1] HAO C,FANG Y,CHEN S W,et al.Predicting posttraumatic hydrocephalus:derivation and validation of a risk scoring system based on clinical characteristics[J].Meta Brain Dis,2017,32(5):1-9.
[2] LEINONEN V,VANNINEN R,RAURAMAA T.Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and Hydrocephalus[J].Handb Clin Neurol,2017,145:39-50.
[3] WALLIS M,BAUMER A,SMAILI W,et al.Surpris-ingly good outcome in antenatal diagnosis of severe hydrocephalus related to CCDC88C deficiency[J].Eur J Med Genet,2018,61(4):189-196.
[4] SONG J,LIU M,MO X,et al.Beneficial impact of early cranioplasty in patients with decompressive craniecto-my:evidence from transcranial Doppler ultrasonography[J].Acta Neurochirurg,2014,156(1):193-198.
[5] DALLA CORTE A,DE SOUZA C F M,ANÉS M,et al.Hydrocephalus and mucopolysaccharidoses:what do we know and what do we not know?[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2017,33(7):1 073-1 080.
[6] CHEN Q,FENG Z,TAN Q,et al.Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus:Recent advances and new therapeutic insights[J].J Neurol Sci,2017,375:220-230.
[7] CHEN Z,YANG Y,CHEN G,et al.Impact of ventriculoperitoneal shunting on chronic normal pressure hydrocephalus in consciousness rehabilitation[J].J Rehabil Med,2014,46(9):876-881.
[8] 董辉,马云富,杨波,等.婴儿低颅压脑积水的外科诊疗策略[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(9):984-986.
[9] JUSUÉ-TORRES I,JEON L H,SANKEY E W,et al.A Novel Experimental Animal Model of Adult Chronic Hydrocephalus[J].Neurosurgery,2016,79(5):746-756.
[10] CHEN F M,WANG K,GAO L,et al.Lumboperitoneal shunts for the treatment of post-traumatic hydroce-phalus[J].Asian Pac J Trop Med,2018,11(2):162-169.
[11] GREGORI M,FERNÁNDEZ-LEBORANS G,ROURA Á,et al.Clinical analysis of individual treatment of post-traumatic hydrocephalus in 69 cases[J].Acta Zoologica,2015,34(5):262-268.
[12] WEINTRAUB A,GERBER D,GERHART K.Post-traumatic hydrocephalus:Clinical characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes[J].Brain Injury,2014,28(5/6):596-599.
[13] DALLA B G,BARBERA C,BRAZZAROLA M,et al.Recovery from confabulation after normotensive hydrocephalus shunting[J].Cortex,2016,75(6):82-86.
[14] BAHEERATHAN A,CHAUHAN D,KOIZIA L,et al.Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus[J].BMJ,2016,354:i3974.
[15] ZHANG M S,ZHANG H W,GU C Y,et al.Strategy of the diagnosis and treatment for hydrocephalus associated with acoustic neuroma[J].Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi,2016,51(6):419-422.
[16] WALSH S,DONNAN J,MORRISSEY A,et al.A systematic review of the risks factors associated with the onset and natural progression of hydrocephalus[J].Neurotoxicology,2017,61:33-45.
[17] ESTEY C M.Congenital Hydrocephalus[J].Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract,2016,46(2):217-229.
[18] KAHLE K T,KULKARNI A V,LIMBRICK D D Jr,et al.Hydrocephalus in children[J].Lancet,2016,387(10 020):788-99.
[19] MCALLISTER J P 2nd.Pathophysiology of congenital and neonatal hydrocephalus[J].Semin Fetal Neonatal Med,2012,17(5):285-294.
[20] ZAHL S M,EGGE A,HELSETH E,et al.Benign external hydrocephalus:a review,with emphasis on management[J].Neurosurg Rev,2011,34(4):417-432.
[21] AL-JEZAWI NK,AL-SHAMSI A M,SULEIMAN J,et al.Compound heterozygous variants in the multiple PDZ domain protein (MPDZ) cause a case of mild non-progressive communicating hydrocephalus[J].BMC Med Genetics,2018,19(1):34.
[22] ZHANG S,YE X,BAI G,et al.Alterations in Cortical Thickness and White Matter Integrity in Mild-to-Moderate Communicating Hydrocephalic School-Aged Children Measured by Whole-Brain Cortical Thickness Mapping and DTI:[J].Neu Plastic,2017,20(17):5 167 973.
[23] PREUSS M,KUTSCHER A,WACHOWIAK R,et al.Adult long-term outcome of patients after congenital hydrocephalus shunt therapy J].Childs Nerv Syst,2015,31(1):49-56.
[24] GHOLAMPOUR S,FATOURAEE N,SEDDIGHI AS,et al.Evaluating the effect of hydrocephalus cause on the manner of changes in the effective parameters and clinical symptoms of the disease[J].J Clin Neurosci,2017,35:50-55.
[25] FENG Z,TAN Q,TANG J,et al.Intraventricular administration of urokinase as a novel therapeutic approach for communicating hydrocephalus[J].Translat Res,2017,180(5):77-90.
[26] SCHENKER P,STIEGLITZ L,SICK B,et al.Normal pressure hydrocephalus shunt patients have fewer complications than other shunt patients[J].World Neurosurg,2018,110(2):e249-e257.
[27] PRIOR A,SEVERINO M,ROSSI A,et al.Acute communicating hydrocephalus as spinal cord surgery complication in a patient with lumbar lipomyelocele.Case report[J].World Neurosurg,2018,115(7):468-472.
[28] ZIDAN I.Management of Adult Post-Traumatic Hydrocephalus[J].J Head Trauma Rehab,2015,30(3):E67-E68.
[29] 王珏.蛛网膜下腔出血并发急性脑积水的治疗方法及可行性探讨[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2017,20(3):43-45.
(收稿2018-08-11 修回2018-09-30)
本文责编:关慧
本文引用信息:陈宏尊,庞元龙.两种手术方式治疗颅脑损伤减压术后交通性脑积水对比研究[J].中国实用神经疾病杂志,2018,21(20):2222-2225.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.480
Reference information:CHEN Hongzun,PANG Yuanlong.Comparison of two surgical methods for the treatment of hydrocephalus after decompression of craniocerebral injury[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases,2018,21(20):2222-2225.DOI:10.12083/SYSJ.2018.20.480